MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR FISH FEED

The monitoring programme for fish feed is performed on behalf of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority as part of Norway's follow-up of national and European regulations on animal feed. The programme is carried out to obtain an overview of feed regarding potential risk factors for public health, animal health and the environment. The programme has been carried out annually since 1996.

In 2025, the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) received 88 samples of fish feeds, 9 fish meals, 10 fish oils, 20 plant meals, 10 plant oils, 8 mineral premixes 7 vitamin premixes, and 10 “alternative feed materials” from commercial production facilities in Norway. Of the 88 samples of complete feeds, 14 were starter feeds, 16 were smolt feeds and 58 were grower feeds all intended for salmonids, primarily salmon. The category “alternative feed materials” included 6 insect meals, 2 feather meals, a fish protein concentrate and an algae oil. For some analytes the results are reported for all 10 samples of “alternative feed materials” and where insect meals differ from the other four samples, they are reported separately. Selected samples were analysed for several undesirable substances, Processed Animal Proteins (PAP), microbial quality, synthetic antioxidants and a range of nutrients.

The data generated in this programme are reported throughout the year, with electronic certificates of analysis sent to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA). If levels are found which exceed the legal Maximum Level, the NFSA is notified via a separate notification system. In addition, data on levels of contaminants in feed and feed materials obtained in this programme are reported annually to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

The NFSA was responsible for taking the samples, and the sampling plan was developed by the NFSA's head office in dialogue with the IMR. The samples were collected by the NFSA’s inspectors from companies that produce fish feed and feed materials in Norway. The companies have different geographical distribution, and the samples were taken at different times of the year. The goal is to sample a representative selection of fish feed and feed ingredients used in Norwegian fish feed production.

The samples were sent to the IMR where they were registered and anonymized before analysis. The laboratories at IMR are accredited by Norwegian Accreditation according to the ISO-EN 17025 standard for many chemical and microbiological methods. IMR is the national reference laboratory (NRL) for several areas including Animal Proteins in Feedingstuffs, Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Metals and Nitrogenous Compounds, Residues of Pesticides, and Feed Additives. A sub-contractor was used for some of the analyses and the sub-contractor's laboratories are also accredited according to ISO-EN 17025.

Some of the results in this report are given as "<LOQ", which means that the concentrations are below the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. The LOQ is the concentrations of a substance that can be quantified with a given measurement uncertainty, and depends, among other things, on the type of sample. In order to be able to include these samples in the calculations of means or sums, concentrations which are "<LOQ" are set equal to the LOQ. This principle is called "upper-bound LOQ" and is the standard procedure for calculating sum dioxins.^2,3 The actual concentration will be between 0 and LOQ. In this report, the "upper-bound" principle is used for calculating means for all substance groups, except for those substance groups (e.g. mycotoxins and PFAS) where it is required by legislation to report the results as “lower bound” (this is specified in the relevant tables).

2.1 - Processed animal proteins

Prohibited processed animal proteins (PAP), i.e. meat, bone and offal meal, blood meal and ruminant blood products were analysed in 9 fishmeal samples, and 6 and 8 samples of vitamin- and mineral premix, respectively. Ruminant DNA was not detected in any of the samples analysed by qPCR, and PAP of vertebrate origin other than fish was not detected using the light microscopy method. Gill tissue, and parts of otoliths and scales from fish were found in all the fishmeal samples which is to be expected.

2.2 - Microbiological quality and toxins

2.2.1 - Microbiological analyses

The presence of the bacteria Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella were analysed in all samples of fishmeal (9 samples), plant meal (20 samples), insect meal (6 samples), feather meal (2 samples), algae oil (1 sample) and fish protein concentrate (1 sample).

Enterobacteriaceae was present above detection limit (10 CFU/g) in one fishmeal sample (200 CFU/g) and two plant meals: guar meal 600 CFU/g and sunflower meal (400 CFU/g). Fishmeal is regulated by Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, which covers animal by-products, where 300 CFU of Enterobacteriaceae/g in a sample is considered unsatisfactory. There are no regulations regarding Enterobacteriaceae in plant meals intended for fish feed.

Salmonella was detected in one sample (present in 25g sample material) analysed in 2025, namely feather meal. According to Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, Salmonella should not be present in animal by-products intended for feed. The Salmonella strain detected in the sample was isolated and sent to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute for serotyping, where it was identified as Salmonella Yoruba.

2.2.2 - Mycotoxins

The mycotoxins aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins (B1 and B2), T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin were analysed in 30 grower feeds, 10 plant oils and 10 plant meals in 2025 (Table 1). Results for mycotoxins showed no exceedance of the maximum limit for aflatoxin or guidance values for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in the samples from 2025. The more lipophilic mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins) were analysed in 30 samples of fish feed, 10 plant oils, 10 plant meals and 6 insect meals (Table 2). Beauvericin levels were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in all samples analysed (<10 µg/kg). Enniatin B was found at concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in most fish feed (70% of the samples, Table 2) which is a higher prevalence than found in the last two years of the monitoring programme (24% of the samples in 2024 and 28% of the samples in 2023). Concentrations of enniatin B were very variable in plant oils with concentrations from below the LOQ to 390 mg/kg, whereas plant meals had lower levels of enniatin B than in 2024 (a maximum level of 20 µg/kg compared to 410 mg/kg in 2024). No maximum limit or guidance values have been established for enniatins in feed or feed materials, but studies on salmon show that high levels of enniatin B in salmon feed may pose a risk of reduced growth.^{4, 5}

2.3 - Undesirable substances

2.3.1 - Metals

Inorganic contaminants, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) were analysed in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 58 grower feeds (in total 88 complete feeds), 9 fishmeal, 10 “alternative feed materials” (insect meal, feather meal, fish protein concentrate and algae oil), and 8 mineral premixes in 2025 (Table 3).

In the fish feeds, the metal concentrations were similar to those found in previous years, with levels of Cd ranging from 0.04 to 0.56 mg/kg, Ni ranging from <0.03 to 2.6 mg/kg, Pb ranging from <0.02 to 0.13 mg/kg, Hg ranging from <0.006 to 0.09 mg/kg and As ranging from 0.45 to 7.3 mg/kg. Starter feeds had significantly higher concentrations of Cd, Hg and As than the grower feeds (p < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis; Dunn test), whereas the concentrations of Pb and Ni were not significantly different for the feed types (p>0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test).

Methyl mercury (MeHg) and inorganic arsenic (iAs) were analysed in 20 grower feeds. Inorganic As accounted for up to 5% of the total amount of As, while MeHg accounted for more than 42% of total mercury in feeds. This is slightly lower than last year’s findings for the proportion of MeHg in feeds (>60% MeHg).

The organic arsenic species arsenobetaine (AB), arsenocholine (AC), dimethylarsinate (DMA), tetramethylarsoniumion (TETRA) and trimethylarsinoxide (TMAO) were analysed in 20 growth feeds (Table 3). The organic arsenic form AB was the major As species identified in the feeds and accounted for 3-61% of total arsenic. DMA ranged from 0.005 to 0.020 mg/kg ww and accounted for up to 1.5% of total arsenic. The arsenic species AC, TETRA and TMAO were low in concentrations, and below the LOQ in most samples. The LOQs were 0.007 mg/kg for both AC and TETRA, and 0.003 mg/kg for TMAO. A large fraction of As was not identified in the feeds (up to 91%) and can be explained by the presence of other As species not analysed (e.g. arsenolipids), or due to challenges in the extraction of arsenic species from fish feed. The percentage of unidentified arsenic was higher than that present in feeds in last year’s monitoring (up to 70%).

2.3.2 - PCBs and dioxins

Undesirable chlorinated persistent organic pollutants including dioxins (sum PCDD/PCDF), dioxin-like (dl)PCBs, as well as six non-dioxin-like PCBs (PCB6) were analysed in 20 grower feeds in 2025 (Table 4 and Table 5). Results for dioxins and dl-PCBs are are expressed in World Health Organisation (WHO) toxic equivalents (TEQ), by mutiplying the congener concentration with the WHO-TEFs (toxic equivalency factors) from 2005. In complete feed, the levels of dioxins (PCDD/F) ranged from 0.09 to 0.27 ng TEQ/kg, and the levels of sum dioxins and dl-PCBs ranged from 0.18 to 0.6 TEQ/kg (Table 4), which are below the maximum limits in fish feed of 1.75 ng TEQ/kg and 5.5 ng TEQ/kg, respectively. The highest levels of dioxins and sum dioxins and dl-PCBs found in 2025 were lower than those reported in last year’s survey; 0.7 ng TEQ/kg and 1.2 ng TEQ/kg, respectively.⁶

The levels of PCB6 in grower feeds varied between 0.9 and 7.0 μg/kg (Table 5) with a mean concentration of 2.7 μg/kg, which was similar to the levels found in previous years.⁶ All samples had levels below the maximum level (ML) of 40 μg/kg for sum PCB6 in complete feed. The MLs for dioxins, dlPCBs and PCB6 in feed are to be reduced in the future following the reduction in Tolerable Weekly Intake for dioxins and dl-PCBs by EFSA.⁷

2.3.3 - Organochlorine pesticides

Organochlorine pesticides including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH: alpha, beta and gamma forms), cis- and trans-nonachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), isodrin, mirex, toxaphene, dieldrin/aldrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, chlordane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (and its metabolites) were analysed in 20 grower feeds, 10 plant meals and 5 plant oils in 2025 (Tables 6 and 7). Organochlorine pesticides are persistent pollutants that are no longer used in most countries but are still detectable in the marine environment. The levels of these persistent organic pollutants were similar to those found in complete feed analysed in previous years in this programme.⁶ All concentrations were below the maximum levels for organochlorine pesticides in complete feed. The levels of toxaphene, dieldrin, endosulfan, heptachlor and chlordane were considerably higher in plant oils than in plant meals and complete feeds, which is expected since these are lipid-soluble compounds. HCH was not detected in any of the samples analysed (Table 6). The metabolite of DDT, p,p’-DDE was one of the most prevalent of the chlorinated pesticides and was detected in all feed samples, as was p,p’ DDD, albeit at lower concentrations (Table 7).

2.3.4 - Pesticides and herbicides

Non-chlorinated pesticides used as herbicides were analysed in 15 grower feeds, 20 plant meals and 6 insect meals in 2025. Glyphosate was detected at levels above the LOQ in complete feeds, and plant meals, but not in insect meals (Table 8). The health effects of glyphosate on salmon are not fully elucidated, but studies indicate that it may have negative effects on kidney and liver function in fish following aquatic exposure.^{8, 9} Glyfosinate was not detected in any of the samples, but its metabolite, amino-methyl-phosphonic acid (AMPA) was present at levels above the LOQ in grower feed, plant meals, and insect meal (Table 8).

The insecticides bifentrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, permathrin and pirimifos-methyl and the precursor (PeCB) were analysed in 20 grower feeds, 5 plant oils and and 10 plant meals in 2025 (Table 9). PeCB, previously used as a precursor in the synthesis of fungicides, was not present at concentrations above the LOQ (< 2.3 mg/kg in feed and plant meal and <4.9 mg/kg in plant oil) in any of the samples. Levels of bifentrin, cyfluthrin, fenvalerate chlorpyrifos-methyl, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin were below the LOQ in all samples. Cypermetrin was not detected in grower feed but was present at levels above the LOQ in one plant meal and one plant oil. Pirimifos-methyl was present in all fish feeds and plant oils analysed, at maximun levels considerably higher than those found in 2024. However, the mean concentration of pirimifos-metyl in feed was 9.0 µg/kg in 2024 compared to 9.1 µg/kg in 2025. Five samples of grower feed sampled in 2025 had levels above the upper LOQ (>40 µg/kg) and two samples of rapeseed oil had levels above the upper LOQ (>78 µg/kg). There are no specific Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for pirimifos-methyl in feed, but there are MRLs in raw materials and food products. The MRL for pirimifos-methyl is 5 mg/kg in several cereals including wheat, and 0.5 mg/kg in rapeseeds and soyabeans.

2.3.5 - Brominated flame retardants

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), are a class of organobromine compounds that have been widely used as flame retardants in applications such as textiles, plastics and electronic equipment. PBDEs (11 congeners) were analysed in 20 grower feeds in 2025 (Table 10). There were eight congeners of PBDE that were defined by EFSA as being of particular interest in terms of food safety, namely BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and –209,¹⁰ this list was expanded in the most recent EFSA opinion to also include BDE-49 and BDE-138.¹¹ Previously in this monitoring programme, the congeners BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and –183 have been combined as sum PBDE7. To compare with results from previous years, PBDE 7 is also presented in this report. The mean concentration of PBDE7 was 0.2 μg/kg in complete feed, which is comparable with previous years^.6 No maximum limits for PBDEs have been established for feed or feed materials. A recent risk assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.¹¹

2.3.6 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

Per- and polyfluroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analysed in 9 fishmeal, 10 fish oils, 10 plant oils, 10 plant meals and 10 alternative feed materials (insect meal, feather meal, fish protein concentrate and algae oil) in 2025. The results show that most samples of plant oils, plant meals and alternative feed materials had levels of PFAS below the method's LOQs which are provided in the tables (Table 11A and 11B).

More samples of fishmeal had PFAS levels above the LOQ than the alternative feed materials analysed, the most prevalent being FOSA (Table 11B). FOSA was found at levels above the LOQ in 78% fishmeal which is comparable to previous years’ findings. Several other PFAS were found at quantifiable levels in fishmeal samples analysed in 2025, including PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFTeDA, PFUnDA, PFDA, PFDoDA and PFHxDA (Table 11A and 11B). The highest PFAS concentrations were found for PFOS in fishmeal and fish oil, which were 4.4 µg/kg and 9.4 µg/kg respectively, whereas in 2024 the highest PFOS concentration in fishmeal and fish oil were 7.2 µg/kg and 5.9 µg/kg, respectively.⁶

EU maximum limits (MLs) have been established for PFAS in food and seafood products, but not for feed and feed materials.

2.3.7 - MOSH and MOAH

Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) include saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), and the risk associated with their presence in food has been assessed (EFSA, 2023), but not in feed. While exposure to MOSH from food does not raise a concern for human health, there is a possible concern for human health associated with MOAH. There is a lack of data on MOSH and MOAH in feed and feed materials, so these contaminants were analysed in 5 fishmeals, 5 fish oils, 5 plant meals, 5 plant oils and 2 insect meals in 2025. The highest levels of both MOSH and MOAH were found in fish oil and plant oils (Table 12 and Table 13 respectively). Levels of both MOSH and MOAH were considerably lower in fishmeals and plant meals, than fish- and plant oils, and MOAH levels were below the LOQ (<0.15 mg/kg) in insect meals. There is limited occurrence data on MOSH and MOAH levels in feed and feed ingredients, but EFSA reported high levels of both MOSH and MOAH in plant oils used in food. The highest levels of MOSH and MOAH in food were reported for olive pomace oil with mean levels of 109 and 14 mg/kg, respectively.¹²

2.3.8 - Nitrite and Nitrate

Nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) are inorganic nitrogen compounds. Nitrate plays a role as a nutrient for plants which are used for food and feed, and is often present in green vegetables, and is also authorized as feed additives (EC, No 831/2003). Nitrite can form N-nitrosamines that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Nitrite is regulated as an undesirable substance with MLs set for feed materials and feed. EFSA performed a risk assessment on nitrite and nitrate in feed in 2020. It was emphasized that there was a lack of data for establishing a reference point for nitrate and nitrite in species other than ruminants and pigs.¹³ Nitrate levels ranged from <11 to 54 mg/kg, whereas the levels of nitrite were all below the LOQ (<2.1 mg/kg). Similarly for fishmeal, nitrate levels ranged from <11 up to 116 mg/kg, whereas the levels of nitrite were all below the LOQ (2.2 mg/kg). The levels of nitrite were well below the MLs in feed and feed materials (Table 14).

2.4 - Synthetic antioxidants

The antioxidant propyl gallate was analysed in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds, 15 grower feeds, 9 fishmeals and 6 insect meals in 2025. None of the samples had levels of propyl gallate above the LOQ (10 mg/kg).

The antioxidant ethoxyquin (EQ) and the main degradation product ethoxyquin-dimer (EQDM) were analysed in 15 grower feeds and 9 fishmeals in 2025 (Table 15). The use of EQ as an additive was phased out in the EU and in Norway in 2020. All of the samples had EQ and EQDM concentrations that were below the LOQs (0.009 mg/kg, and 0.07 mg/kg, respectively).

The synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were analysed in 15 grower feeds, 9 fishmeals, 10 fish oils, 10 plant meals and 6 insect meals in 2025 (Table 15).

The levels of BHA and BHT in complete feed varied between <0.2 to 24 mg/kg and 5 and 40 mg/kg, respectively (Table 15). In 2024, BHA and BHT levels in fish feed varied between <0.2 and 19 mg/kg and <0.2 and 70 mg/kg, respectively). None of the feeds exceeded the maximum level for synthetic antioxidants of 150 mg/kg.

There were large variations in levels of BHA and BHT in both fish meals and fish oils. BHA levels in fishmeal and fish oil varied between <0.2-100 mg/kg and <0.2-140 mg/kg, respectively, while BHT levels in fishmeal and fish oil varied between <0.2-380 mg/kg, and <0.2-420 mg/kg, respectively (Table 15). Similar variations were found in levels of BHT in fishmeals and fish oils analysed in previous years,⁶ whereas the variation in BHA concentrations in fishmeal was greater in 2025 than in 2024 (in 2024 the level of BHA was between <0.2 - 8.2 mg/kg).   Insect meals did not have quantifiable levels of either BHA or BHT, and only one plant meal contained BHT (0.55 mg/kg), whereas no BHA was found in plant meal.

2.5 - Nutrients

2.5.1 - Minerals

Microminerals, or trace elements, were analysed in 88 feeds (14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds, 58 grower feeds), 9 fishmeal, 8 mineral premixes and 10 alternative feed materials in 2025 (Table 16). The essential minerals are regulated as feed additives in the EU (Regulation EC No 1831/2003), and the levels in fish feed must comply with the maximum allowable content set in the implementing regulations for feed additives for use in animal nutrition. The legal limits in feeds for Atlantic salmon are 750 mg/kg for iron (Fe), 100 mg/kg for manganese (Mn), 2.5 mg/kg for molybdenum (Mo), 0.5 mg/kg for selenium (Se) with a supplementation limit of 0.2 mg/kg for organic sources, 25 mg/kg for copper (Cu), 20 mg/kg for iodine (I), 2 mg/kg for cobalt (Co), 0.6 mg/kg for chromium (Cr) and 180 mg/kg for zinc (Zn). Several of the feeds surveyed in 2025 has concentrations above the maximum content for Se (24% of feeds), Zn (43% of feeds) and Mo (24% of feeds). This has also been observed in previous years in this monitoring programme. It is not known to which degree the feeds have been supplemented with these minerals, or they originate from the feed materials. 

Similar to previous observations, selenium concentrations were higher in the starter feeds (average 1.11 mg/kg ww) and smolt feed (0.97 mg/kg ww) compared to the grower feeds (0.60 mg/kg ww, Table 17). For iron there was a tendency for lower concentrations in the grower feed (average 219 mg/kg ww) compared to start (average 264 mg/kg ww) and smolt feeds (average 255 mg/kg ww) which is opposite to observations in the previous monitoring period. There were no significant differences in concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn or I among feed types (p>0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test). Iron levels were significantly lower in grower feed compared to starter feed, and selenium levels were significantly lower in grower feed compared to both starter feed and smolt feed (p<0.05; Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn test).

The premixes contained mainly Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu and some Co, Cr and Se, while Mo was below the LOQ (Table 16). Besides feed supplements, microminerals in the complete feed also originate from raw materials (Table 16). Fishmeal is a source of Se (1.7-3.5 mg/kg), Zn (51-110 mg/kg) and Fe (70-730 mg/kg), while insect meal is a source of Mn (320-460 mg/kg), Zn (130-190 mg/kg) and Fe (130-160 mg/kg). Similarly, feather meal provides Fe (240-200 mg/kg) and Zn (110 mg/kg), while algae oil has a low mineral content (Cu, 0.72 mg/kg; Fe, 1.8 mg/kg; Zn, 3.4 mg/kg; others below LOQ).

The macrominerals phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were analysed in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds, and 58 grower feeds in 2025 (Table 18). For all macrominerals the average concentrations were higher in starter and smolt feeds compared to grower feeds (Table 18). The concentration of P varied from 11 to 15 g/kg in starter feeds, from 9.8 to 16 g/kg in smolt feeds, and from 6.8 to 11 g/kg in grower feeds. Phosphorous from plant raw materials can have low bioavailability requiring higher P supplementation.

2.5.2 - Total protein and amino acids

Total protein content was determined in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 30 grower feeds in 2025 (Table 19). The protein content was highest in the starter feeds, with mean concentration of 48 g/100g feed, while the mean concentrations were 45 g/100g for the smolt feeds and 39 g/100g in the grower feeds. Total protein was also analysed in 6 insect meals with a mean level of 56 g/100g (and range between 54-59 g/100g), 2 feather meals which both contained 91 g/100g, a fish protein concentrate which contained 32 g/100g and an algae oil which did not contain protein (<0.625, the LOQ).

Amino acid profile was determined in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 20 grower feeds. The amino acid profile in the feeds was according to the requirement for growth for Atlantic salmon.¹⁴ The average concentration was highest in the starter feeds for all amino acids except histidine. The histidine concentration was highest in the smolt feeds (12 g/kg), followed by the starter feeds (11 g/kg) and lowest in the grower feeds (8 g/kg). In both the starter and smolt feeds, the highest histidine concentrations were close to the recommendation to minimize cataract development after seawater transfer (13.5 g/kg).¹⁵ The histidine concentration needed to minimize cataract development is dependent on life stage and water temperature, which may be the reason for the variation. The requirement for growth for Atlantic salmon is 8 g/kg dry matter but has been estimated to decrease somewhat in larger salmon (NRC, 2011). Most of the analyzed grower feeds had histidine concentrations of 7-8 g/kg.

All the analyzed feeds had a methionine concentration at or above the requirement for growth of 7 g/kg dry matter.¹⁴ However, more recent studies have shown higher growth in pre- and post-smolt given 9 g methionine /kg feed.¹⁶

2.5.3 - Vitamins

2.5.3.1 - Vitamin A, C, D and K

Vitamin A was analyzed in 15 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 30 grower feeds in 2025 (Table 20). Vitamin A1 is the most biologically relevant form of vitamin A and is the predominant form in animal tissue. The mean concentration of vitamin A1 was highest in smolt feeds (13.6 mg/kg), followed by starter feeds (11.1 mg/kg) and grower feeds (6.8 mg/kg). The minimum concentration was the same for all feed types (2.3 mg/kg), while the maximum concentration ranged from 23-37 mg/kg. The mean vitamin A concentration and maximum levels are higher than previously reported. The requirement for vitamin A has not been established for Atlantic salmon; however, the requirement for rainbow trout is 0.3-0.6 mg/kg and Pacific salmon 0.75 mg/kg.¹⁴ The toxicity of vitamin A in fish appears to be species-specific, and Atlantic salmon is considerably more tolerant than Atlantic halibut.¹⁷ There is currently no upper limit for vitamin A supplementation in fish feed.

Vitamin C was determined in 14 starter feeds, 15 smolt feeds and 31 grower feeds (Table 20). The mean concentration was highest in smolt feeds containing 879 mg/kg, compared to 633 mg/kg in starter feeds and 534 mg/kg in grower feeds. The variation ranged from 170-1500 mg/kg. The mean concentrations were higher than previously reported,¹⁸ while the maximum level was similar. All feeds contained vitamin C concentrations well above the requirement for vitamin C to maintain growth of 10-20 mg/kg,^{18, 19} and the lowest concentrations were close to the recommendations of 190 mg/kg in feed for parr and post-smolt.²⁰

Vitamin D is routinely supplemented as vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in commercial salmonid feeds to support skeletal development, mineral homeostasis and immune function. The latest available assessment²¹ reported average D3 levels of 0.13 mg/kg, below the upper limit of 1.5 mg/kg,²² although values were not separated by feed type. Average vitamin D3 levels were higher in 2025 than in 2020, with the highest mean concentration observed in smolt feeds (0.28 mg/kg), followed by starter feeds (0.20 mg/kg) and grower feeds (0.15 mg/kg; Table 20). The large variation within the feed categories may reflect differences in formulation strategies and production systems, particularly for grower feeds. The lowest measured concentration (0.06 mg/kg) corresponded to the lower end of previously recommended dietary levels,²³ whereas the highest level (0.8 mg/kg in smolt feed) aligned with recent recommendations for land-based post-smolt production.²⁴ Recent studies also indicate that sunlight exposure influences vitamin D status in Atlantic salmon,²⁵ suggesting that fish reared in low-light systems may require higher supplementation. In addition, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was recently authorized in the EU as a nutritional feed additive for farmed fish²⁶ and should therefore be included in future monitoring programmes.

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone) were determined in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 20 grower feeds. The mean concentration of vitamin K1 was 0.18 mg/kg, 0.26 mg/kg and 0.34 mg/kg, and the mean concentration of vitamin K2 was 0.13 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg in starter, smolt and grower feeds, respectively. Vitamin K1 and K2 originate from the feed ingredients, where K1 is present in plants and K2 is present in ingredients of animal origin, such as fishmeal (Krossøy et al., 2011). Vitamin K3 can be added to the feed as MSB (menadione sodium bisulphite) and MNB (menadione nicotinamide bisulphite). Vitamin K3 was determined in 10 starter feeds and 10 smolt feeds. The mean concentration was 1.2 mg/kg in both feed types, with variation from 0.01-5.1 in starter feeds and 0.29-2.3 in smolt feeds, which is lower than previously reported.¹⁸ Vitamin K is unstable during feed processing and storage, resulting in challenges determining the minimum requirement in fish. The vitamin K requirement for Atlantic salmon is below 10 mg/kg,^{14, 27} and there is no upper limit for vitamin K supplementation.

2.5.3.2 - Vitamin E

Vitamin E was determined in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 30 grower feeds, as well as 10 plant meals (Table 21). Of the 8 vitamin E forms, alpha-tocopherol has the greatest biological activity.¹⁸ The average alpha-tocopherol concentration was higher in the starter feeds (355 mg/kg) compared to the smolt feeds (282 mg/kg) and grower feeds (285 mg/kg). The variation was high for all feed types, and the overall lowest concentration was 184 mg/kg, and the highest concentration 590 mg/kg. Both the average concentrations and the maximum level was lower than previously reported.¹⁸ All the analysed feeds had alpha-tocopherol concentrations above the requirement for growth for Atlantic salmon of 60 mg/kg feed,^{14, 28} as well as more recent recommendations of 150 mg/kg.²⁹ Vitamin E has an antioxidant function, and the addition of vitamin E may therefore be important to prevent the oxidation of feed and feed materials, but it also has several important biological and metabolic functions.²⁹

The sum of tocopherols was 408 mg/kg, 351 mg/kg and 102 mg/kg and sum of tocotrienols 19 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 31 mg/kg for starter, smolt and grower feeds respectively. Vitamin E can be added in fish feed as alpha-tocopherol or “tocopherol mix”, and there is no upper limit for tocopherols in fish feed. In plant meals, the concentration of gamma-tocopherol was higher than the concentration of alpha-tocopherol. The sum of tocopherols was 17 mg/kg (range 2.7-56 mg/kg) and the sum of tocotrienols 3.1 mg/kg (range 0.4-21 mg/kg).

2.5.3.3 - B vitamins

Compared with 2022, the monitoring programme was expanded to include B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) and B7 (biotin), in addition to B5 (pantothenate), B6, B9 (folate) and B12 (cobalamin), in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 30 grower feeds in 2025 (Table 22). B vitamins are essential for energy metabolism, growth and immune function, and requirements vary with life stage and feed composition. B vitamins participate in interconnected metabolic pathways and cofactor functions, and imbalances in dietary levels may influence growth and physiological function. Together with methionine, B vitamins may play important roles in epigenetic regulation,³⁰ lipid metabolism³¹ and protein synthesis.³² B vitamin levels in 2025 were above NRC reference requirements,¹⁴ which are generally lower than values reported in studies using feeds with higher inclusion of plant-based ingredients.^{16, 33} Mean concentrations (mg/kg feed) showed clear feed-type differences, with smolt feeds highest for B1 (20), B7 (1.1), B9 (8.6) and B12 (0.29), starter feeds highest for B2 (27), B3 (186), B5 (76) and B6 (19), and grower feeds consistently lowest across all B vitamins. In grower feeds, mean concentrations were 16 (B1), 20 (B2), 125 (B3), 57 (B5), 16 (B6), 0.7 (B7), 6.7 (B9) and 0.21 mg/kg (B12). Overall, feed-type patterns were consistent with the measured levels in 2024 for B5, B6, B9 and B12, however all mean levels were higher due to higher minimum levels found in 2025 for all vitamins and feed-types.

The mean concentration of Vitamin B9 in smolt feed exceeded the smoltification reference level¹⁶ (4.7 mg/kg), although a few individual samples were below and above this level (including >15 mg/kg; Table 22). In 2025, the data shows a maximum level of 16 mg/kg B9 in smolt feeds, which is above the recommendations given.¹⁶ Previous trials have shown positive effects of B9 at 4.7 mg/kg together with methionine, B6 and B12 on growth, but no additional benefits from further supplementation.¹⁶ EFSA assessed folic acid as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species, including aquatic species, and concluded it is safe when used to meet nutritional requirements, although no maximum safe level could be established.³⁴ For B12, overall means in smolt feed were above the recommended level of 0.17 mg/kg,^{16, 33} although some individual samples were below this threshold for starter and grower feeds (Table 22), and the concentration range appeared narrower than in 2022. Similarly, mean B6 levels were well above recommended levels, with some starter and smolt feeds reaching 28-29 mg/kg, exceeding the recommended levels of 9 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg, respectively. ^{16, 32} Vitamin B5 levels (mean 64.6 mg/kg; mean levels increased for all feed types) were well above the NRC recommendation of 20 mg/kg,¹⁴ and unlike 2022, no feeds exceeded 100 mg/kg in 2025. For the vitamins newly included in 2025 (B1, B2, B3 and B7), mean concentrations across all feed types exceeded NRC¹⁴ freshwater minimum requirements and were within or above more recent literature-based requirement estimates for Atlantic salmon,^{16, 35} particularly for B2 and B3.

2.5.4 - Total fat and fatty acids

The fat content was determined in 14 starter feeds, 16 smolt feeds and 58 grower feeds in 2025. The fat content was highest in the grower feeds, with an average of 33 g/100g feed. For starter- og smolt feeds, the corresponding averages were 21 and 26 g/100g feed, respectively (Table 23). Fatty acid composition was analysed in 32 feeds in 2025, of which 10 were starter feeds, 10 were smolt feeds and 12 were grower feeds. The main proportion of the fatty acids was monounsaturated fatty acids at 49, 46 and 50 % of total fatty acids in starter-, smolt- and grower feeds, respectively, with 18:1n-9 being the dominant one (Table 23). The average saturated fatty acids were 17, 19 and 16 % of total fatty acids in starter-, smolt- and grower feeds, respectively (Table 23). These levels are above the recommended minimum of 15% saturated fatty acids in feed.³⁶ It should, however, be considered that the requirement may vary with temperature and feed composition, i.e. due to changes in the digestibility of saturated fatty acids. EPA + DHA was higher in starter- and smolt feeds (10.8 and 11.7 %) than in grower feeds (7.2 %). The lowest measured level of EPA + DHA was 6.2% of fatty acids. Expressed as concentration, the levels in starter and grower feeds were relatively similar, at 20.2 and 21.6 mg/g, respectively, while smolt feeds had a higher concentration of 27.1 mg/g. Novel sources of EPA and DHA often have a skewed DHA/EPA ratio,³⁷ and an imbalanced relationship between these fatty acids is thought to affect health, growth and inflammatory responses in salmon (Hundal et al., 2026). The average DHA/EPA ratio found was 1.4, 1.4 and 1.6 for starter, smolt- and grower feeds, respectively (Table 23). The lowest ratio observed was 0.7, and the highest was 2.4 (Table 23). Only four feeds had a ratio below 1. The n-3/n-6 ratio was higher in starter- and smolt feeds (1.6 and 1.8, respectively) than in grower feeds (1.2; Table 23).

The results for 2025 show no exceedances of established maximum levels for undesirable substances in complete feed or feed materials. The results of this year's monitoring programme showed that Enterobacteriaceae was present in one fishmeal and two plant meals, and Salmonella was detected in one sample of feather meal. In general, microbiological quality was satisfactory.

The results showed that most feeds contained concentrations of nutrients above the requirement estimates. There were relatively large variations in levels of several minerals and vitamins both among starter feed, smolt feed and grower feed and within feed types.

These monitoring data on contaminants in fish feed and feed materials are important for risk assessment authorities, and for generating occurrence data which is required for setting future maximum limits for unregulated contaminants in feed materials and complete feed and farmed fish.

4.1 - Table 1. Mycotoxins

Mean and range (min-max) of mycotoxins (µg/kg) in fish feed, plant oils and plant meals in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results were over LOQ, using "lower-bound LOQ"). [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) for mykotoksiner (µg/kg) i fiskefôr, planteoljer og plantemel i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ, snitt gitt som "lower-bound LOQ"].

AF: Aflatoxin; DON: Deoxynivalenol; ZEN: Zearalenone; NIV: Nivalenol; OTA: Ochratoxin A; FB1: Fumonisin B1; FB2: Fumonisin B2

1)The EU maximum limit for aflatoxin B1 in feed materials is 20 µg/kg 2) The EU guidance value for DON in cereals and cereal products is 8000 µg/kg and 12000 µg/kg in maize by-products, and in Norway the guidance value for DON is 2 000 µg/kg. 3)The guidance value for zearalenone in cereals and cereal products for feed is 2000 µg/kg and 3000 µg/kg in maize by-products. 4) The guidance value for fumonisin in feed materials is 60 000 µg/kg (for the sum of FB1 and FB2).

4.2 - Table 2. Mycotoxins – Beavericin and enniatins

Mean and range (min-max) of beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin (ENN) levels (µg/kg) in fish feed, plant oils, plant meals and insect meals in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results are over LOQ, using "lower-bound LOQ").[Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) for beauvericin og enniatin (µg/kg) i fullfôr, planteoljer, plantemel og insektmel i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ, gitt som "lower-bound LOQ"].

4.3 - Table 3. Metals

Mean and range (min-max) of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), methyl mercury (MeHg), arsenic (As), inorganic As (iAs), arsenobetaine (AB), arsenocholine (AC), dimethylarsinate (DMA), tetramethylarsoniumion (TETRA) and trimethylarsinoxide (TMAO) (mg/kg) in fish feed, fishmeal, alternative feed materials and vitamin and mineral premixes in 2025. Mean is given as "upper-bound LOQ". The maximum levels (MLs) are given in the rows below the results. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av cadmium (Cd), nikkel (Ni), bly (Pb), kvikksølv (Hg), metylkvikksølv (MeHg), arsen (As), uorganisk arsen (iAs), arsenobetain (AB), arsenokolin (AC), dimetylarsinat (DMA), tetrametylarsoniumion (TETRA) og trimetylarsinoksid (TMAO) (mg/kg) i fiskefôr, fiskemel, andre fôrmidler og vitamin og mineral premikser i 2025. Snitt gitt som "upper-bound LOQ". Øvre grenseverdier (MLs) er gitt under de analyserte verdiene].

1) Alternative feed materials includes: insect meal, feather meal, fish protein concentrate and algae oil 2) ML for Cd in feed materials of animal origin is 2 mg/kg, and ML for plant origin is 1 mg/kg.  3) ML for Hg in feed material of fish and other aquatic animal is 0.5 mg/kg.  4) ML for As in feed material of fish and other aquatic animal is 25 mg/kg.  5) ML for iAs in feed material of fish and other aquatic animal.

*MLs in complete feed are set for 88% DM

4.4 - Table 4. Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs

Mean and range (min-max) of sum dioxins (PCDD and PCDF), sum dioxin-like (dl)-PCB and sum dioxins and dl-PCB in fish feed in 2025. Mean and sums are given using «upper-bound LOQ» and in ng TEQ/kg1). The Maximum Levels (ML) are given in the rows below the results (ng TEQ/kg). [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av sum dioksiner (sum PCDD og PCDF), sum dioksinlignende (dl)-PCB og sum dioksiner og dl-PCB i fullfôr i 2025. Snitt og summer er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ», og gitt i ng TEQ/kg1)].

1) ng TEQ (WHO 2005)/kg (concentration multiplied by toxic equivalency factor (TEF)).

2) Non-ortho PCB congeners (IUPAC code PCB 77, 81, 126 and 169) and mono-ortho PCB congeners (IUPAC code PCB 105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167 and 189).

3) The sum of dioxins (PCDD/F) and dl-PCB given as sum total toxic equivalents (sum TEQ) using WHO TEFs from 2005.

4.5 - Table 5. PCB

Mean and range (min-max) of PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180 and sum PCB6 (µg/kg) in fish feed in 2025. Mean and sum PCB6 are given as "upper-bound LOQ". The Maximum Level (ML) is for sum PCB6 (µg/kg) [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av kongenerne PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153 og PCB-180 og sum PCB6 (µg/kg) i fullfôr i 2025. Snitt av kongenere og sum PCB6 er gitt som "upper-bound LOQ". Øvre grenseverdi er gitt for sum PCB6 (µg/kg)].

4.6 - Table 6. Chlorinated pesticides

Mean and range (min-max) of chlorinated pesticides in fish feed, plant oils and plant meals (µg/kg) analysed in 2025. Mean and sums are given using «upper-bound LOQ» and molecular weighted [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av klorerte pesticider i fullfôr, planteoljer og plantemel (µg/kg) undersøkt i 2025. Snitt og summer er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ» og molekylvektet. Øvre grenseverdi er gitt i den siste raden (µg/kg)].

*n = 17 for beta-HCH, mirex and sum chlordane 

4.7 - Table 7. DDT

Mean and and range (min-max) of DDT isomers in fish feed, plant oils and plant meal (µg/kg) analysed in 2025 (when 20% or more of the results are over LOQ). Mean and sum are given using «upper-bound LOQ» and molecular weighted. Maximum Levels (ML) are for sum DDT (µg/kg).   [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av DDT-isomerer (µg/kg) i fullfôr, planteolje og plantemel i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ. Snitt og summer er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ» og molekylvektet. Øvre grenseverdi (ML) er gitt for sum DDT (µg/kg)].

 * n = 17 for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and sum DDT

4.8 - Table 8. Herbicides

Mean and range (min-max) of the herbicides aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), glufosinate and glyphosate (mg/kg) in fish feed, plant meals and insect meal analysed in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results are over LOQ, using «upper-bound LOQ») [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av aminometylfosfonsyre (AMPA), glufosinat and glyfosat (mg/kg) i fullfôr, plantemel og insektmel i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ. Snitt og summer er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ»].

4.8.1 - Table 8.1 Insecticides

Mean and range (min-max, µg/kg) of insectide levels in fish feed, plant oils and plant meals analysed in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results are over LOQ, using «upper-bound LOQ») [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks, µg/kg) i fullfôr, planteoljer og plantemel  i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ. Snitt og summer er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ»].

* PeCB: Pentachlorobenzene, has been used to make pentachloronitrobenzene, a fungicide

** n = 17 for permethrin and pirimifos-methyl

4.9 - Table 9. PBDE

Mean and range (min-max) of PBDE congeners (µg/kg) in fish feed in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results are above the LOQ. Mean and sum of PBDE7 are given as «upper-bound LOQ». [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av polybromerte flammehemmere, PBDE kongenere (µg/kg) i fullfôr i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ. Snitt og sum PBDE7 er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ» ]

*Sum PBDE7 is the sum of congeners BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183  

4.10 - Table 10. PFAS

Mean and range (min-max) of PFAS (µg/kg) in fishmeals, fish oils, plant meals and alternative feed ingredients in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results are over LOQ. Mean and sum of 4PFAS (sum of PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS) are given using «lower-bound (LB) LOQ» as specified in the regulation. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av per-og polyfluorerte forbindelser (PFAS, µg/kg) i fiskemel, fiskeolje, plantemel og andre fôrmidler i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ. Snitt og sum of 4PFAS er gitt som «lower-bound LOQ som gitt i regelverket»].

PFPeS: perfluoropentane sulfonic acid; PFTeDA: perfluorotetradecanoic acid; PFUnDA: perfluoroundecanoic acid; PFUnDS: perfluoro(n-undecyl) sulfonic acid; PFBS: perfluorobutane sulfonic acid;  PFOS: perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid; PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid; PFHxS: perfluorohexane sulfonic acid

*Alternative feed materials include insect meal, feather meal, fish protein concentrate and algae oil

4.11 - Table 11. PFAS

Mean and range (min-max) of PFAS (µg/kg) in fishmeals, fish oils, plant oils, plant meals and alternative feed ingredients in 2025. Mean is given when 20% or more of the results are over LOQ. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av per-og polyfluorerte forbindelser (PFAS, µg/kg) i fiskemel, fiskeolje, planteoljer, plantemel og andre fôrmidler i 2025. Snittverdier er gitt der 20% eller mer av prøvesvarene er over LOQ].

FOSA: perfluorooctane sulfonamide; PFDA: perfluorodecanoic acid; PFDoDA: perfluorododecanoic acid; PFDS: perfluorodecane sulfonic acid; PFHpA: perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFHpS: perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid; PFHxA: perfluorohexanoic acid; PFHxDA: perfluorohexadecanoic acid; PFNS: perfluorononane sulfonic acid

*Alternative feed materials include insect meal, feather meal, fish protein concentrate and algae oil

4.12 - Table 12. MOSH

Mean and range (min-max, mg/kg) of MOSH (Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons) levels in fishmeals, fish oils, plant meals, plant oils and insect meals in 2025. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks, mg/kg) i fiskemel, fiskeoljer, plantemel, planteoljer og insektmel i 2025].

*Total MOSH is the sum of C10-C50 

4.13 - Table 13. MOAH

Mean and range (min-max, mg/kg) of MOAH (Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbon) levels in fishmeals, fish oils, plant meals, plant oils and insect meals in 2025. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks, mg/kg) av MOSH i fiskemel, fiskeoljer, plantemel, planteoljer og insektmel i 2025].

 *Total MOAH is the sum of C10-C50

4.14 - Table 14. Nitrate and nitrite

Concentrations (mg/kg) of nitrate and nitrite in fish feed and fishmeal in 2025. Mean values (“upper-bound”) are given with minimum and maximum values. [Gjennomsnittskonsentrasjoner og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks verdier) av nitrat og nitritt (mg/kg) i fiskefôr og fiskemel i 2025].

4.15 - Table 15. Synthetic antioxidants

Concentrations (mg/kg) of propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethoxyquin (EQ) and ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) in fish feed (starter feed, smolt feed and grower feed), fishmeal, fish oil, plant meal and insect meal in 2025. Mean values (“upper-bound”) are given with minimum and maximum values. The maximum content for BHA + BHT in feed, alone or combined is 150 mg/kg. [Gjennomsnittskonsentrasjoner og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks verdier)  av butylhydroksyanisol (BHA), butylhydroksytoluen (BHT) og propylgallat (mg/kg) i fiskefôr, fiskemel, fiskeolje, plantemel og insektmel i 2025. Det høyeste tillatte innhold av BHA og BHT i fôr, alene eller for sum antioksidanter er 150 mg/kg. Snitt og sum er gitt som «upper bound» LOQ].

4.16 - Table 16. Trace elements

Mean and concentration range (min-max) for cobolt (Co), chromium (Cr) copper (Cu) iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybden (Mo), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and iodine (I) (in mg/kg) in fish feed, fishmeal, alternative feed materials1) and mineral-premixes analysed in 2025. Mean is given using «upper-bound LOQ». The EU maximum content for each element in fish feed is given below the analyzed values in mg/kg. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av kobolt (Co), krom (Cr), kobber (Cu), jern (Fe), mangan (Mn), molybden (Mo), selen (se), sink (Zn) og jod (I) i fullfôr, fiskemel, insektmel og mineralpremikser i 2025. Snittverdien er gitt som «upper-bound LOQ». Det høyeste tillate innhold spesifisert i EU regelverket for tilsetningsstoffer er gitt under de analyserte verdiene, i mg/kg].

*Alternative feed materials include insect meals, feather meals, fish protein concentrate and algae oil

4.17 - Table 17. Trace elements in feeds for different life stages

Mean and concentration range (min-max) for cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr) copper (Cu) iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybden (Mo), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and iodine (I) (in mg/kg) in starter feed, smolt feed and grower feed for salmonids in 2025. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av kobolt (Co), krom (Cr), kobber (Cu), jern (Fe), mangan (Mn), molybden (Mo), selen (Se), sink (Zn) og jod (I) i startfôr, smoltfôr og vekstfôr for salmonider i 2025].

4.18 - Table 18. Macrominerals in feeds for different life stages

Mean and concentration range (min-max) for calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and phosphorous (P) (in g/kg) in starter feed, smolt feed and grower feed for salmonids in 2025. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av kalsium (Ca), kalium (K), magnesium (Mn), natrium (Na) og fosfor (P) (g/kg) i startfôr, smoltfôr og vekstfôr for salmonider i 2025 ].

4.19 - Table 19. Total protein and amino acids in feeds for different life stages

Mean and concentration range (min-max) for total protein (g/100g) and amino acids (mg/g) in starter feed, smolt feed and grower feed for salmonids in 2025. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) for total protein (g/100 g) og aminosyrer (mg/g) i startfôr, smoltfôr og vekstfôr for salmonider i 2025].

4.20 - Table 20. Vitamins C, A, D and K

Mean and concentration range (min-max) for vitamin C, vitamin A1 and A2, vitamin D3, and vitamin K1, K2 and K3 in starter feed, smolt feed and grower feed for salmonids in 2025. [Gjennomsnitt og konsentrasjonsområde (min-maks) av vitamin C, vitamin A1 og A2, vitamin D3 og vitamin K1, K2 og K3 i startfôr, smoltfôr og vekstfôr for salmonider i 2025].