Report series:
IMR-PINRO 2025-3Published: 08.05.2025Project No.: 16150On request by: IMR/VNIRO Approved by:
Research Director(s):
Geir Huse
Program leader(s):
Maria Fossheim
Summary
The aim of the national Norwegian/Russian ecosystem surveys in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters, August-October (BESS) is to monitor the status and changes in the Barents Sea ecosystem and provide data to support scientific research and manager advice. The survey has since 2004 been conducted annually in the autumn, as a collaboration between the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Norway and the Polar branch of the VNIRO (PINRO) in Russia. The general surveys plan and tasks were agreed upon at the annual IMR-VNIRO/PINRO Meeting 12-14 March 2024. Ship routes and other technical details are agreed on by correspondence between the survey coordinators. BESS aims at covering the entire Barents Sea. Each party carries out research in its own sector of the sea but uses the same methodology.
Ecosystem stations are distributed in a 35×35 nautical mile regular grid, and the ship tracks follow this design. In the area around Svalbard/Spitsbergen, some additional bottom trawl hauls for demersal fish survey indices estimation. Additional pelagic trawls were done in the main capelin distribution areas for identification of acoustic records. The research carried out from 17.08-12.10 by the Russian R/V “Vilnyus” and Norwegian R/Vs Kronprins Haakon” G.O. Sars” and Johan Hjort”.
This report summarising results of the observations that are available at the time of publication. Further data will be published later in the next reports. From 2026, the report series will be named «IMR/Polar Branch of VINRO Joint Report Series».
The aim of the Barents Sea ecosystem survey (BESS) in August-October is to monitor the status and changes of in the Barents Sea ecosystem. The survey has since 2004 been conducted annually, as collaboration between the IMR in Norway and the Polar Branch of VNIRO (PINRO) in Russia. The general survey plan, tasks, and sailings routes are usually agreed at the annual PINRO-IMR Scientist Meeting in March, but in 2024, due to external factors making physical meetings between Norwegian and Russian researchers difficult, they were agreed by correspondence. The 21th BESS was carried out during the period from 17-th August to 12th October 2024. by the Norwegian research vessels (“Kronprins Haakon”, “G.O. Sars” and “Johan Hjort”) and the Russian vessels (“Vilnyus”). The scientists and technicians taking part in the survey onboard the research vessels are listed in Table 1. As always, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the crew and scientific personnel onboard research vessels for their dedicated work. We also will express our sincere gratitude to all the people involved in planning and reporting of BESS 2024. This is the first part of the survey report summarising status for the environment and the living Barents Sea based on the survey data. The information obtained in BESS 2024 will be further used for the assessment of fish and invertebrate stocks, the evaluation of changes in environmental conditions and biota, and the implementation of various international and national projects.
Table 1. Vessels and participants (with main expertise) in the Barents Sea Ecosystem Survey 2024.
Elena Eriksen (Cruise leader), Mette Strand (Benthos), Silje Seim (Demersal fish), Åse Husebø (Demersal fish), Eilert Hermansen (Pelagic fish), Erling Boge (Pelagic fish), Jon Rønning (Plankton), Felicia Keulder-Stenevik (Benthos), Hildegunn Mjanger (Demersal fish), Lisbet Solbakken (Demersal fish), Claudia Erber (Marine mammals observer), Frode Holen (Marine mammals observer), Asgeir Steinsland (Instrument chef ), Leif Johan Ohnstad (Instrumentation), Eli Gustad (Plankton), Jacob Max Christensen (Scientist guest, UiT), Nicolas Straube (Scientist guest, University museum).
”G.O. Sars” (19.08–16.09)
Part 1 (19.08-02.09)
Rupert Wienerroither Cruise leader), Heidi Gabrielsen (Benthos), Else Holm (Demersal fish), Erlend Lindau Langhelle (Demersal fish), Tommy Gorm-Hansen Tøsdal (Pelagic fish), Frøydis Tousgaard Rist (Pelagic fish), Jon Rønning (Plankton), Andrey Voronkov (Benthos), Irene Huse (Demersal fish), Celina Eriksson Bjånes (Demersal fish), Thomas André Sivertsen (Marine mammals observer), Lars Kleivane (Marine mammals observer), Egil Frøyen (Instrumentation), Frank Storebø (Instrumentation), Hege Skaar (Plankton), Edel Erdal (Environmental chemist), Guri Nesje (Environmental chemist), Alex Rosa Casla (student/guest).
Part 2 (02.09-16.9)
Irene Huse (Cruise leader), Heidi Gabrielsen (Benthos), Andrey Voronkov (Benthos), Else Holm (Demersal fish), Anne Sæverud (Demersal fish), Thomas André Sivertsen (Marine mammal observer), Anna Tiu Kristina Simila (Marine mammal observer), Martin Dahl (Instrument chef), William Skjold (Instrumentation), Marianne Petersen (Plankton), Audun Hjertager (Demersal fish), Grethe Beate Thorsheim (Demersal fish), Susanne Tonheim (Pelagic fish), Stine Karlson (Pelagic fish), Jane Strømstad Møgster (Plankton), Tanja Kogel (Environmental chemist), Anders Fuglevik (Environmental chemist), Alex Rosa Casla (student/guest).
”Johan Hjort” (25.08-30.09)
Part 1 (25.08-11.09)
Knut Korsbrekke (Cruise leader), Alexander Plotkin (Benthos), Vidar Fauskanger (Demersal fish), Silje Seim (Demersal fish), Sigmund Grønnevik (Demersal fish), Magne Olsen (Demersal fish), Rune Strømme (Instrumentation), Fredrik Gelin (Instrumentation), Erling Boge (Pelagic fish), Vilde Regine Bjørdal (Pelagic fish), Eli Gustad (Plankton), Hilde Arnesen (Plankton), Penny Lee Liebig (Benthos), George McCallum (Marine Mammal observer), Anthony Mayer (Marine Mammal observer), Hilde Elise Heldal (Environmental chemist), Grethe Tveit (Environmental chemist), Aslak Roaldkvam Skåra (Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority/guest).
Part 2 (11.09-30.09)
Georg Skaret (Cruise leader), Ragni Olssøn (Benthos), Frederike Boehm (Marine Mammal observer), Anne Kari Sveistrup (Benthos), Sofie Gundersen (Demersal fish), Vidar Fauskanger (Demersal fish), Halvard Aas Midtun (Demersal fish), Rune Strømme (Instrumentation), Fredrik Gelin (Instrumentation), Timo Meissner (Pelagic fish), Frøydis Tousgaard Rist (Pelagic fish), Tommy Gorm-Hansen Tøsdal (Pelagic Fish), Monica Martinussen (Plankton), Linda Fonnes Lunde (Plankton), Yasmin Hunt (Marine Mammal observer).
2 - Survey Execution
Author(s):
Dmitry Prozorkevich (VNIRO-PINRO) and Elena Eriksen
(IMR)
Figures by: S. Karlson and E. Bagøien
BESS aims to cover the entire ice-free area of the Barents Sea and, from south to north. The ecosystem stations are distributed on a regular 35×35 nautical mile regular grid except for the slope around Svalbard/Spitsbergen, with additional bottom trawl hauls for demersal fish indices estimation and additional acoustic transects east for Svalbard/Spitsbergen for the capelin stock size estimation. The planned vessel tracks for BESS 2024 are given in fig. 2.1.
BESS 2024 was largely implemented according to the plan. The realized tracks of the research vessels with the sampling taken are shown in Figs. 2.2 and 2.3. The execution of BESS 2024 did not reveal any major changes or irregularities. A relatively large part of the Russian EEZ to the west of the Novaya Zemlya was closed for fishing at the request of the Russian Ministry of Defence, so survey area along the archipelago coast was not fully covered (Fig. 2.2). The restricted navigation area along Novaya Zemlya leads to a gap in information on fish and invertebrates, primarily cod, polar cod and snow crab. The Norwegian vessel 'Johan Hjort' suffered technical problems and had to end the cruise a week early. In order to cover the capelin area, “Kronprins Haakon” changed plans and went into the capelin area, working northwards and then covering the north and west of Svalbard/Spitsbergen. Due to fishing restrictions on the Russian shelf, some of the coverage of Loophole has been shared between Russian and Norwegian vessels. Bad weather throughout the survey slowed down the progress of the survey. The Russian vessel was given five extra vessel-days compared to original plan. However, a strong and lasting storm in the end of September prevented the survey and the north and north-eastern parts of the sea was not surveyed as in previous years (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3). Still, BESS 2024 was largely conducted according to the planned coverage, except small area west of Svalbard/Spitsbergen and west of Novaya Zemlya. The planned schedule for BESS 2024 was 149 days (99NOR+55RUS), while the effective vessel days (time be-tween first and last sample in the vessel logs) was 135 days (82NOR+53RUS). The difference between the two is as expected, as vessels need time for sailing to and from the harbor and preparation before sampling and bad weather. The temporal and spatial progression during the survey was good (Fig. 2.4). Note that in reports from earlier years, only the planned schedule is reported.
The ecosystem survey in 2024 was similar to previous years, covering most ecosystem components. In addition, the standard oceanographic sections "Vardø-Nord" and "Hinlopen" with lower effort (due to weather conditions and technical problems) were taken by the Norwegian vessels and the “Kola” (twice) and Kanin sections were taken by the Russian vessel (Fig. 2.3). During the BESS, in total 320 pelagic hauls, 317 demersal hauls, 393 CDT and 393 plankton nets were taken.
Figure 2.1. BESS 2024 planned survey map with ecosystem stations and vessel tracks.
Figure 2.2 BESS 2024, realized vessel tracks with pelagic and bottom trawl sampling stations, note that some trawl stations are taken in addition to the regular ecosystem stations.
Figure 2.3 BESS 2024 realized vessel tracks with hydrography, plankton and other samples at ecosystem stations.
Figure 2.4 Progression of BESS 2024 in space and time. Points represent samples taken at ecosystem stations during the survey. The point’s colour indicates the number of Julian days between the first and last day of the survey. The colours scale from blue (early in the survey) to red (late in the survey).
2.1 Sampling methods
In 2024, compared to 2023, there were no changes in sampling gear. Manta trawl was included as standard equipment for monitoring microplastics at BESS in 2022 and was also used in 2024. Fifty samples were collected on Russian vessel and 34 on board Norwegian vessels. A new length stratified individual sampling of haddock was introduced in 2022, increasing samples from one to two fish taken per 5 cm group. This was continued in 2024.
Plankton stations were carried out within the entire survey water area with sampling in the bottom-0 m layer. On the Kola hydrological section, plankton sampling collected separate for the layers: bottom-0 m, 100-0 m and 50-0 m.
The survey sampling manuals can be obtained by contacting the survey coordinators.
These manuals include methodological and technical descriptions of equipment, the trawling and capture procedures by the sampling tools, sampling and registration of the catch in the lab, and the methods that are used for calculating the abundance and biomass of the biota.
2.2.1 Special investigations
BESS is a useful platform for conducting additional studies in the Barents Sea. These studies can be testing of new methodology, sampling of data additional to the standard monitoring, or sampling of other types of data. It is imperative that the special investigations do not influence the standard monitoring activities at the survey. The special investigations vary from year to year, and below is a list of special investigation conducted on Russian and Norwegian vessels at BESS 2024, with contact persons. This chapter also briefly mentions some investigations that are typical during survey but not described in the main text of the BESS Report.
2.2.1.1 Annual monitoring of pollution levels
In 2024 PINRO continued the annual monitoring of pollution levels in the Barents Sea in accordance with a national program. Samples of seawater, sediments, fish and invertebrates was collected and analysed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs, e.g. PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, HCB) and heavy metals (e.g. lead, cadmium, mercury) and arsenic. The samples were collected at RV "Vilnyus" during BESS in different parts of the Barents Sea. The results from chemical analyses are available in the annual PINRO report “Status of biological resources…”.
2.2.1.2 Collection of samples for biochemical studies
Frozen samples of commercial and non-commercial fish and invertebrates were collected for biochemical studies (ratio of body parts, chemical composition of nutrients, molecular weight of muscle proteins, amino acids and lipid fractions composition) in accordance with a research program. Samples were frozen at a temperature -18°C immediately after catching before rigor mortis.
Contact: Kira Rysakova, PINRO (rysakova@pinro.vniro.ru)
2.2.1.3 Fish pathology research
PINRO undertakes yearly investigations of fish diseases in the Barents Sea (mainly in REEZ). Seven commercially important fish species (total 10 thousand ind.) were studied. Red king crabs (83 ind.) and snow crabs (total 197 ind.) were examined also for define “shell disease of crustaceans”. The main purpose of the pathology research is annual estimation of epizootic state of commercial fish and crabs species. The observations are entered into a database on pathology. This investigation was started by PINRO in 1999. Results are available in the annual PINRO report “Status of biological resources…”
In 2023, observations of the infestation of commercial fish species with helminths that are hazardous to human health continued on board the RV Vilnyus. Cod, haddock, polar cod, capelin, Atlantic herring place and LRD were examined in order to identify hazardous parasites. The results will be published later in PINRO annual report. Moreover, parasite larvae Pseudoterranova sp. from different areas of the Barents Sea were collected and fixed for further genetic studies.
2.2.1.5 Plankton and fish calorie content investigation
In August and October, hydrochemical observations were made onboard RV “Vilnyus” in the Kola section. Dissolved oxygen in the surface and bottom layers as well as biochemical oxygen demand during 5 days in the bottom layer were measured.
Contact: Igor Manushyn, PINRO (manushyn@pinro.vniro.ru)
2.2.1.6 Hydrochemical observations
In August and October, hydrochemical observations were made onboard RV “Vilnyus” in the Kola section. Dissolved oxygen in the surface and bottom layers as well as biochemical oxygen demand during 5 days in the bottom layer were measured.
Contact: Alexander Trofimov, PINRO (trofimov@pinro.vniro.ru)
2.2.1.7 Fish diet study
Since 2004, investigations of diet of most abundant pelagic and demersal fish have been conducted annually during the BESS. In 2024 survey, onboard of Russian vessels stom-achs of polar cod (225), capelin (125), Atlantic herring (225) cod (269), haddock (152), Greenland halibut (87) and skates (14) were collected and fixed for detail analysis. In addition, 15 kg of small non-commercial fish were frozen whole. Express quantitative analysis onboard RV “Vilnyus” during the cruise include of 3213 stomachs of 16 fish species. Of these, 849 cod stomachs were analyzed.
Onboard of Norwegian vessels 1020 stomachs of cod were collected and frozen for detailed analysis. In addition, samples were collected and frozen for capelin, polar cod and Atlantic herring.
Author(s):
Dmitry Prozorkevich (VNIRO-PINRO) and Elena Eriksen
(IMR)
3.1 Data Bases
A wide variety of data are collected during the ecosystem surveys. All data collected during the BESS are quality controlled and verified by experts: oceanography by Randi B. Ingvaldsen (IMR) and Aleksandr Trofimov (PINRO) fish catch data by Herdis Langøy Mørk (IMR) and Tatyana Prokhorova (PINRO) during and after the survey; plankton data by Jon Rønning and Espen Bagøien (IMR) and Irina Prokopchuk (PINRO); benthos data by Anne Kari Sveistrup (IMR) and Nataliya Strelkova (PINRO); and marine mammals data by Frederike Boehm (IMR) and Roman Klepikovskiy (PINRO). The data are stored in IMR and PINRO national databases, with different formats. However, the data is exchanged so that both sides have access to each other’s data and use equal joint data.
3.2 Data Application
The BESS aimed to cover the whole Barents Sea ecosystem geographically and provide survey data for commercial fish and shellfish stock estimation. Stock estimation is particularly important for capelin, because capelin TAC is based on the survey result, and the Norwegian-Russian Fishery Commission determines TAC immediately after the survey. In addition, a broad spectrum of physical variables, ecosystem components and pollution are monitored and reported. The survey data will be used by each party for various purposes within the framework of national and international programs.
This survey report is based on joint data and contains the main results of the monitoring. The survey report will be published in the IMR/PINRO Joint Report series. Missing chapters will be published in the 2025 BESS survey report.
From 2026, the BESS report will be published in a report series named «IMR/Polar Branch of VINRO Joint Report Series».
Author(s):
Tatyana Prokhorova (VNIRO-PINRO), Bjørn Einar Grøsvik
(IMR) and Roman Klepikovski (VNIRO-PINRO)
4.1 Hydrography
The report on marine environment Ch. 4.1 will be included in the survey report for the 2025 BESS.
4.2 Anthropogenic pollution
4.2.1 Marine litter
Figures by: D. Prozorkevich
Surface observations of litter were carried out along the known-length transects of with marine mammal observations from Norwegian and Russian vessels.
Plastic was the most frequent material type of floating litter observations (69.0 % of observations) (Fig. 4.2.1.1). The maximum surface observation of plastic litter was 0.30 m3 per nm (a roll of rope from a crab trap). The average surface observation of plastic was 0.007 m3 per nm. Fishery related litter was recorded in 46.9 % of plastic litter observations at the surface (Fig. 4.2.1.2). Fishery related plastic was represented by ropes, pieces of nets and floats/buoys. Fishery plastic maximum and average volume was 0.30 m3 per nm and 0.014 m3 per nm, respectively, and it is larger than non-fishery plastic (maximum and average observations of 0.001 m3 per nm and 0.0001 m3/ per nm, respectively).
Treated wood (wooden sticks, pallets and logs) was recorded in 23.9 % of the surface litter observations. The maximum observation of wood was 0.08 m3 per nm, with the average of 0.015 m3 per nm. It should be noted that wood is the natural type of litter and biodegrades naturally in the environment.
Metal, paper and rubber were observed singularly (1.4-4.2 % of the observations).
Figure 4.2.1.1 Type of observed anthropogenic litter at the surface in the BESS 2024 (m3/ nm).
Figure 4.2.1.2 Litter observations of plastic at the surface indicated as fishery related and other litter in the BESS 2024 (m3/ nm).
Observations of litter in the trawl stations were done during the survey. Onboard the Norwegian vessels litter from trawls were recorded according to the international manual for seafloor litter data collection and reporting from demersal trawl samples. Onboard the Russian vessels a detailed description of the litter was carried out, which then made it possible to classify.
Anthropogenic litter was observed in 11.3 % of pelagic trawl stations (Fig. 4.2.1.3). Plastic usually is the most frequent material type observed in pelagic trawls and constituted 97.2 % of the observations (it was recorded in 11.0 % of all pelagic trawls). Weight of plastic litter from pelagic trawls varied from 0.00004 kg per nm to 0.149 kg per nm, with an average of 0.007 kg per nm. Fishery related litter (such as ropes made from synthetic fibres and pieces of fishing net) constituted 54.3 % of litter registrations from pelagic trawls (Fig. 4.2.1.4).
Other types of litter in pelagic trawls are textile (observed in 1.3 % of pelagic trawl stations and constituted 11.1 % of the litter observations) and unrecognisable items and items that do not fit in other categories («other»), which was registered only in one pelagic station. Weight of textile varied from 0.001 kg per nm to 0.003 kg per nm. It should be noted that textile is a natural product, e.g. ropes made from natural fibres (such as cotton, sisal, hemp, or coir) or all types of clothing (textile and woven products).
From the bottom trawls, 24.2 % of the stations contained litter (Fig. 4.2.1.5). Plastic was the most frequently observed material in the bottom trawls as in the pelagic (89.0 % of stations with observed litter and 21.5 % of the bottom trawls). Weight of plastic litter in bottom trawls varied from 0.0001 kg per nm to 1.248 kg per nm, with an average of 0.04 kg per nm. Fishery related litter constituted 64.6 % of registrations from bottom trawls (Fig. 4.2.1.6).
Wood (processed objects made of wood, e.g. logs, or planks) and textile belong to categories of natural product. Wood was observed in 2.6 % of bottom trawl stations (in 11.0 % bottom trawls with litter registrations). Weight of wood in bottom trawls varied from 0.006 kg per nm to 0.786 kg per nm, with an average of 0.28 kg per nm. Textile was registered in 3.6 % of bottom trawl stations (in 15.1 % bottom trawls with litter). Weight of wood in bottom trawls was 0.001-0.115 kg per nm, with an average of 0.02 kg per nm.
Other material types of litter (metal, glass or unrecognisable items) were observed in bottom trawls singularly (2.7-5.5 % of the bottom trawl stations with observed litter).
Figure 4.2.1.3 Type of anthropogenic litter collected in the pelagic trawls (kg per nm) in the BESS 2024 (crosses – pelagic trawl stations).
Figure 4.2.1.4 Fishery related plastic observation versus other plastic litter collected in the pelagic trawls in the BESS 2024 (kg per nm, crosses – trawl stations).
Figure 4.2.1.5 Type of anthropogenic litter collected in the bottom trawls (kg per nm) in the BESS 2024 (crosses – bottom trawl stations).
Figure 4.2.1.6 Fishery related plastic observation versus other plastic litter collected in the bottom trawls in the BESS 2024 (kg per nm, crosses – trawl stations).
Samples used to characterize phytoplankton community composition and abundance were collected from a total of 88 stations over the course of three separate cruises. Samples were collected from Hinlopen and Vardø-Nord Extended during the BESS between August and October. In this report we also present results that were obtained on other cruises (Fugløya-Bjørnøya section in June and September) but are relevant for research at BESS. Microscopy was used to identify and quantify taxa in 30 preselected stations along the section, covering multiple Barents sea sub-regions (Fig. 5.1.1). Algae-net and metabarcoding samples were also collected which can be used to qualitatively assess community composition. In total, 18 Algae-net and 55 metabarcoding samples were collected.
Samples for algal cell counts (100 ml) were taken from 10 m CTD collected water and fixed in Neutral Lugol. Microscope counts were performed following the Utermöhl (1958) method on CTD samples to quantify abundance and community composition at the IMR Flødevigen Plankton Laboratory. Qualitative Algae-net samples were collected using a vertical net tow (10 μm mesh; 0.1 m2 opening; 30-0 m), fixed with 2 ml 20% formalin in a 100 ml bottle and stored for future use. Metabarcoding samples were collected by filtering approximately 2 l of seawater, pre-filtered with 180 µm mesh, on to 25 mm filters with a pore size of 5 µm. Samples were then stored at -80 °C for future DNA extraction and sequencing.
Microscopy algal counts include heterotrophic and autotrophic groups, these communities will therefore be referred to as microplankton in the summarized results below.
5.1.1 Results
Based on microscopy counts, the average concentration of Barents Sea microplankton in the late summer/ early fall (August-October) was 3.89×105 ± 5.68×105 cells l-1. The average community was numerically dominated by flagellates (55%, 2.16×105 ± 5.91×105 cells l-1), cryptophytes (14%, 5.48×104 ± 4.27×104 cells l-1), and haptophytes (9%, 3.51×104 ± 9.03×104 cells l-1).
Microplankton abundances and communities varied spatially across the Barents Sea in the late summer/ early fall (Figure 5.1.2). Cell concentrations varied by two orders of magnitude between stations with a minimum concentration of 2.76×104 cells l-1 and maximum of 2.89×106 cells l-1. Higher concentration stations were generally found on the southern section of the Vardø-N Extended transect. The community at the highest concentration station was almost completely comprised of flagellates, other stations showed a more diverse mixture of flagellates with cryptophytes and in some cases haptophytes.
Within these data diatoms are the only purely photosynthetic group described at a high taxonomic level. During the late summer/ early fall diatom abundance was relatively low, with the most abundant stations found in the south (Figure 5.1.3). Pseudo-nitzschia section. Leptocylindrus danicus, Proboscia alata, and Cylindrotheca were numerically important at some of the higher abundance stations within the Vardø-Nord section.
The combination of June and September sampling along the Fugløya-Bjørnøya transect allows us to describe seasonal differences in microplankton cell concentrations and community composition. Average cell concentrations measured were the same order of magnitude in June (6.25×105 ± 5.54×105 cells l-1) and September (2.28×105 ± 1.15×105 cells l-1), although June samples were characterized by greater intra-station variability with particularly high cell concentrations at fixed stations 11 and 16 in June (Figure 5.1.4). At the broad taxonomic group level, the June Fugløya-Bjørnøya section communities were less diverse than September communities, with three stations numerically dominated by either diatoms or haptophytes (Figure 5.1.4). Diatom communities had no overlapping, abundant (> 15%), taxa between June and September (Figure 5.1.5). Chaetoceros, Corethron hystrix, and Thalassiosira were found exclusively in the June samples. In contrast, Cylindrotheca, Pseudo-nitzschia, Proboscia alata, and Guinardia delicatula were found exclusively in September.
Figure 5.1.1. Map showing stations where phytoplankton samples were collected. Shapes indicate sampling activities at a given station: circle- metabarcoding sample collection, square- microscopy sample collection and analysis, star: algae-net sample collection. Color indicates the cruise when sampling occurred, blue: ecosystem, dark gray: September transect cruise, light gray: June transect cruise. Italicized labels indicate fixed sections. Outlined and labeled areas indicate Barents Sea sub-regions. Station locations along Fugløya-Bjørnøya section are shifted to reduce overlap of samples collected during separate cruises.Figure 5.1.2. Map showing microplankton community composition and abundance for samples collected August-October 2024. Pie chart radii scale to cell concentrations in cells per liter based on key. Divisions within pie charts show the contributions from broad taxonomic groups. Italicized labels indicate fixed sections. All groups which comprised < 4% of the community are summed.Figure 5.1.3. Map showing diatom community composition and abundance for samples collected August-October 2024. Divisions within pie charts show taxonomic groups to the highest possible resolution. Pie chart radii scale to cell concentrations in cells per liter based on key. All groups which compromised < 5% of the community are summed.
Figure 5.1.4. Plots showing patterns in microplankton abundance (top) and community composition (bottom) along the Fugløya-Bjørnøya section during June and September in 2024. All groups which comprised < 4% of the community at a given station are summed for ease of visualization. Fixed station numbers increase as station locations move north.Figure 5.1.5. Plots showing patterns in diatom abundance (top) and community composition (bottom) along the Fugløya-Bjørnøya section in June and September 2024. Taxonomy is shown at the highest possible resolution. All groups which compromised to < 15% of the community at a given station are summed for ease of visualization. Fixed station numbers increase as station locations move north.
5.2. Mesozoplankton biomass and geographic distribution
Text by: Espen Bagøien and Irina Prokopchuk
Figures by: Espen Bagøien
5.2.1 Data collection
Mesozooplankton sampling stations during the BESS in 2024 are shown in Fig. 5.2.1. In the Norwegian sector the WP2 net (opening area ~ 0.25 m2) was applied, while in the Russian sector the Juday net (opening area ~ 0.11 m2) was used. Both gears were rigged with nets of mesh-size 180 μm and hauled vertically from near the bottom to the surface. The WP2 and Juday nets provide roughly comparable results with respect to mesozooplankton biomass and species composition (Skjoldal et al., 2019). The Norwegian biomass samples are dried before weighing, while the Russian samples are preserved in 4% formalin and their wet weight determined. Dry-weight is then estimated by dividing the wet-weight with a factor of 5.
The time-periods for sampling in the Russian and Norwegian sectors were similar this year (Fig. 2.4).
The spatial distribution of total mesozooplankton biomass shown in Fig. 5.2.1 is based on a total of 293 stations, of which 161 were located in the Norwegian sector and 132 in the Russian sector. Within the Norwegian sector, the average biomass was 6.2 (± 4.8 SD) g dry-weight m-2. The average zooplankton biomass for the samples within the Russian sector was 7.5 (± 4.5 SD) g dry-weight m-2. All stations shown in Fig. 5.2.1 are included in the 2024 biomass averages here presented. Note that 10 stations in the central Barents Sea were sampled both by IMR and PINRO (not shown). In these specific cases the IMR data were excluded from Fig. 5.2.1 as well as the calculations of biomass given above.
Comparison of average biomasses across years is vulnerable to differing area coverages. Challenges in covering the same area over a series of years are inherent in such large-scale monitoring programs, and interannual variation in ice-cover and logistical issues are two of several reasons for this. To improve the regularity of the sampling grid across the survey area in 2024, stations belonging to the Hinlopen-section north of Svalbard/Spitsbergen as well as the Vardø-North section were omitted when calculating average biomass (excluded from Fig. 5.2.1). Differences in spatial coverage among years, as well as spatial variability in station density within the survey region will impact biomass estimates, and particularly so in an environment characterized by large-scale patterns in biomass distribution. Hence, the average biomasses for the Norwegian and Russian sectors as presented here are not directly comparable with those from other years.
Figure 5.2.1. Distribution of total zooplankton biomass (g dry-weight m-2) from near-bottom to surface in the Barents Sea during BESS 2024 – based on a total of 293 stations. The data visualized were collected by WP2 and Juday nets with mesh-size 180 μm. Interpolation was made in ArcGIS v.10.8, module Spatial Analyst, using inverse distance weighting (IDW).
Such challenges fall outside the scope of this cruise report, but are addressed in other fora, for instance by analysing time-series within spatially consistent sub-areas.
The overall distribution patterns show similarities across years, although some interannual variability is apparent. In 2024 we observed the familiar pattern of comparatively high biomasses in the southwestern region, and north and north-east of Svalbard/Spitsbergen, as well as the deeper parts of the southeastern region. The biomasses were relatively low in the central regions including the bank areas, and very low in the southeastern corner of the Barents Sea (Fig. 5.1.1).
Several factors may impact the levels of zooplankton biomass in the Barents Sea;
Advective supply of zooplankton from the Norwegian Sea
Local zooplankton production rates – which are linked to temperature, nutrient conditions and primary production rates
Predation from carnivorous zooplankters (jellyfish, krill, hyperiids, chaetognaths, etc.)
Predation from planktivorous fish including capelin, young herring, polar cod, juveniles of cod, saithe, haddock, and redfish
Predation from marine mammals and seabirds
6 - Fish Recruitment
The release of this chapter is postponed to the 2025 BESS report due to the ongoing process of transferring the index estimations to the StoX platform
7 - Commercial Pelagic Fish
Author(s):
Georg Skaret
(IMR) and Dmitry Prozorkevich (VNIRO-PINRO)
Figures by S. Karlson, F. Rist, G. Skaret
This chapter has been pre-released as "Skaret & Prozorkevich 2025 Commercial pelagic fish - Pre-released contribution to the scientific report from the Norwegian and Russian Barents Sea ecosystem surveys in August-October 2024 (BESS). IMR/PINRO Joint Report Series 2025/2, 26 pp."
7.1 Capelin (Mallotus villosus)
The coverage of the capelin distribution was synoptic with very high effort allocated to the important bank areas. The capelin coverage was considered to be close to complete for 2024 (see Figure 7.1.1.1), even though the south-western part of the shelf west of Svalbard/Spitsbergen was not covered. This west shelf is normally not an area with important amounts of capelin. A summary of the capelin stock assessment for 2024 is given in Barents Sea capelin advice sheet 2024 with more details provided in Barents Sea capelin assessment report 2024.
7.1.1 Geographical distribution
The geographical distribution of capelin recorded acoustically is shown in Figure 7.1.1.1. The capelin was distributed quite far north, but not as far north as last year when the population size was much higher. The main distribution area was the Great Bank which is the normal core area at this time of the year. Some recordings were also made north of Svalbard/Spitsbergen which was also observed last year.
Figure. 7.1.1.1 Geographical distribution of capelin in autumn 2024 based on acoustic recordings. Circle sizes correspond to NASC values (m2/nm2) per nm.
7.1.2 Abundance by size and age
A detailed summary of the acoustic stock estimate is given in tab. 7.1.2.1, and the time series of abundance estimates is summarized in tab. 7.1.2.2. A comparison between the estimates in 2024 and 2023 is given in tab. 7.1.2.3 with the 2023 estimate shown on a shaded background.
The total stock in the covered area was estimated to about 887 thousand t, which is only about a third of the long-term average level (2.79 million t). About 60 % (534 thousand t) of the 2024 stock had length above 14 cm and was therefore considered to be maturing. In terms of biomass, the contribution to the total was quite equal for 1, 2, 3 and 4 year-olds (tab. 7.1.2.1). The abundance of 1 and 3 year-olds was less than a third of the long term average and 2-year-olds less than a sixth of the long term average. Only the abundance of 4 year-olds (2020-yearclass) and 5 year-olds (2019-yearclass) were stronger than the long-term average.
Average weight at age increased compared to last year for the age groups 2-4. For 3 and 4 year-olds it was still well below the long term average, whereas it was above the long term average for 1 and 2-year-olds (fig. 7.1.2.1 and tab. 7.1.2.2).
Length (cm)
Age/year class
Sum (10^9)
Biomass (10^3 t)
Mean weight (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
6.5-7.0
0.434
0.434
0.099
1.25
7.0-7.5
2.008
2.008
2.131
1.26
7.5-8.0
4.859
4.859
7.281
1.74
8.0-8.5
5.469
5.469
9.720
2.11
8.5-9.0
8.887
8.887
19.094
2.54
9.0-9.5
7.793
7.793
20.755
3.11
9.5-10.0
8.836
8.837
27.217
3.64
10.0-10.5
7.589
0.052
7.641
32.441
4.33
10.5-11.0
5.493
0.086
5.578
27.135
4.89
11.0-11.5
3.902
0.117
4.019
22.483
5.70
11.5-12.0
2.241
0.793
3.034
20.655
6.87
12.0-12.5
0.390
1.407
0.051
1.848
14.581
7.94
12.5-13.0
0.599
2.671
0.066
3.336
29.409
8.90
13.0-13.5
0.058
4.534
0.346
0.127
5.066
52.743
10.37
13.5-14.0
3.947
1.255
0.527
5.729
67.374
11.74
14.0-14.5
2.136
1.896
0.828
0.211
5.071
66.915
13.24
14.5-15.0
2.067
2.725
2.205
0.091
7.089
105.034
14.85
15.0-15.5
1.218
3.310
2.210
0.342
0.023
7.103
119.925
16.83
15.5-16.0
0.515
1.638
1.575
0.161
3.889
74.262
19.29
16.0-16.5
0.207
1.233
1.179
0.391
3.010
62.802
20.99
16.5-17.0
0.066
0.421
1.041
0.090
0.001
1.618
40.243
24.91
17.0-17.5
0.022
0.281
0.744
0.158
1.205
33.617
27.84
17.5-18.0
0.172
0.396
0.069
0.637
19.946
31.48
18.0-18.5
0.040
0.232
0.272
9.444
35.45
18.5-19.0
0.019
0.019
0.730
39.00
19.0-19.5
0.002
0.002
0.047
31.00
19.5-20.0
20.0-20.5
0.019
0.019
0.576
31.00
TSN (109)
58.560
19.837
13.434
11.084
1.534
0.024
104.473
TSB (103 t)
190.690
233.120
220.203
212.774
29.479
0.395
886.661
Mean length (cm)
9.55
13.47
14.85
15.37
15.52
15.75
Mean weight (g)
3.96
11.90
16.19
18.97
18.04
20.33
8.49
SSN (109)
6.230
11.716
10.430
1.534
0.024
29.933
SSB (103 t)
97.708
201.022
204.937
29.479
0.395
533.541
Table 7.1.2.1. Barents Sea capelin. Summary of results from the acoustic estimate in August-September 2024. The table is generated from the mean of 1000 bootstrap replicates based on calculations in StoX 4.0. TSN: Total stock number. TSB: Total stock biomass. MSN: Maturing stock number. MSB: Maturing stock biomass. (Footnote attached after table).
Estimates based on Target strength (TS) Length (L) relationship : TS= 19.1 log (L) – 74.0
Figure 7.1.2.1. Weight at age for capelin from capelin surveys (prior to 2003) and BESS.
Year
Age
Sum
1
2
3
4
5
BM1
W1
BM2
W2
BM3
W3
BM4
W4
BM5
W5
TSB
1973
1.71
3.2
2.29
6.1
0.73
18.4
0.41
23.9
+
27.3
5.15
1974
1.08
3.6
3.06
5.6
1.52
8.8
0.07
20.7
+
25.1
5.74
1975
0.66
3.4
2.44
7.0
3.24
10.9
1.48
17.1
0.01
28.1
7.82
1976
0.79
3.7
1.95
8.4
2.08
12.8
1.34
17.5
0.26
21.3
6.42
1977
0.72
2.0
1.43
8.2
1.64
16.7
0.84
20.9
0.17
23.3
4.80
1978
0.24
2.9
2.62
6.7
1.19
15.7
0.18
20.6
0.02
25.7
4.25
1979
0.06
4.7
2.48
7.4
1.52
13.3
0.10
21.1
+
24.1
4.16
1980
1.22
4.5
1.84
9.4
2.82
18.2
0.83
25.1
0.01
21.8
6.72
1981
0.92
2.3
1.81
9.2
0.82
17.1
0.33
24.2
0.01
29.1
3.89
1982
1.22
2.3
1.33
9.0
1.18
20.8
0.05
25.0
3.78
1983
1.61
3.1
1.89
9.4
0.73
19.0
0.01
22.2
4.23
1984
0.57
3.7
1.42
7.6
0.89
18.4
0.09
28.3
2.96
1985
0.17
4.4
0.40
8.4
0.27
12.9
0.01
16.3
0.86
1986
0.02
3.8
0.05
10.1
0.05
13.6
+
16.2
0.12
1987
0.08
2.1
0.02
12.2
+
14.1
+
34.0
0.10
1988
0.07
3.4
0.35
12.2
+
16.6
0.43
1989
0.62
3.3
0.20
11.4
0.05
19.5
+
22.4
0.87
1990
2.67
3.8
2.71
15.3
0.45
27.6
+
22.2
5.84
1991
1.53
3.8
5.07
8.7
0.64
19.4
0.04
29.5
7.28
1992
1.25
3.6
1.70
8.6
2.17
16.8
0.04
28.6
5.16
1993
0.01
3.4
0.49
9.1
0.26
14.9
0.04
18.5
0.80
1994
0.09
4.4
0.04
11.1
0.07
16.5
+
18.1
0.20
1995
0.05
6.7
0.11
13.8
0.03
16.7
0.01
23.0
0.19
1996
0.24
2.9
0.21
18.6
0.05
23.8
+
26.7
0.50
1997
0.41
4.2
0.45
11.5
0.04
23.2
+
23.5
0.91
1998
0.81
4.5
0.97
13.3
0.26
24.3
0.02
27.8
+
29.9
2.05
1999
0.65
4.2
1.38
13.6
0.72
27.0
0.03
30.3
2.77
2000
1.71
3.8
1.59
14.3
0.95
27.9
0.03
36.1
+
20.1
4.27
2001
0.38
3.3
2.40
11.0
0.81
26.7
0.04
35.5
+
41.3
3.63
2002
0.23
3.9
0.92
10.1
1.04
20.7
0.02
35.0
2.21
2003
0.20
2.4
0.10
10.2
0.20
18.3
0.03
23.3
0.53
2004
0.20
3.2
0.21
12.2
0.09
20.9
0.01
21.1
+
25.4
0.51
2005
0.08
3.4
0.33
15.7
0.08
22.0
0.01
18.2
+
19.6
0.50
2006
0.24
4.2
0.27
16.4
0.12
23.2
+
28.0
+
25.4
0.64
2007
0.83
4.3
0.81
16.2
0.16
28.3
0.01
29.6
1.82
2008
0.89
3.0
2.46
12.4
0.59
24.6
0.01
27.9
3.95
2009
0.47
2.7
1.63
11.0
1.15
23.9
+
25.9
3.25
2010
0.76
3.1
1.41
10.3
1.60
23.9
0.05
28.3
3.82
2011
0.47
2.4
1.72
9.9
1.19
20.7
0.21
27.5
3.60
2012
0.57
3.2
1.03
8.8
1.77
20.1
0.08
27.5
3.46
2013
0.99
3.1
1.58
8.0
1.11
16.5
0.28
23.7
+
28.7
3.97
2014
0.32
3.1
0.73
9.0
0.60
16.1
0.04
22.0
1.69
2015
0.16
4.3
0.46
11.0
0.23
18.0
0.02
22.4
0.88
2016
0.14
4.3
0.12
14.6
0.06
24.9
+
25.4
0.32
2017
0.47
4.1
1.61
13.5
0.34
24.5
0.01
27.0
2.43
2018
0.28
4.8
0.84
13.8
0.51
22.6
0.01
29.8
+
34.0
1.64
2019
0.09
4.8
0.14
14.3
0.16
23.2
0.03
25.0
+
18.9
0.41
2020
1.27
3.4
0.49
15.8
0.10
25.1
0.02
29.6
+
23.3
1.89
2021
0.75
3.4
3.07
9.4
0.16
22.0
+
26.0
3.99
2022
0.32
4.3
0.96
7.1
0.86
14.9
0.02
19.2
+
24.0
2.17
2023
0.48
4.4
0.72
9.0
1.32
12.3
0.42
17.6
+
20.5
2.95
2024
0.19
4.0
0.23
11.9
0.22
16.2
0.21
19.0
0.03
18.0
0.89
Average
0.61
3.6
1.24
10.9
0.75
19.5
0.14
24.6
0.01
25.2
2.76
Table 7.1.2.2. Barents Sea capelin. Summary of acoustic estimates by age in autumn 1973- 2024. Biomass (B) in million t and average weight (AW) in grams. Note that the numbers for 2004-2022 were updated following the re-estimation in StoX for the capelin benchmark in 2022. The numbers are means from 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Note:«+» <0.005*million t
Year class
Age
Numbers (10^6)
Mean weight (g)
Biomass (10^3 t)
2023
2022
1
58.6
108.5
3.96
4.43
190.7
480.6
2022
2021
2
19.8
80.3
11.90
9.01
233.1
723.4
2021
2020
3
13.4
107.4
16.19
12.33
220.2
1324.2
2020
2019
4
11.1
23.9
18.97
17.56
212.8
419.4
Total stock in:
2024
2023
1-4
104.5
320.3
8.49
9.21
886.7
2951.7
Table 7.1.2.3. Summary of acoustic stock size estimates for capelin in 2023-2024. A comparison between the estimates this year and last year (shaded background).
7.2 Polar cod (Boreogadus saida)
7.2.1 Geographical distribution
The acoustic recordings of polar cod are shown in fig. 7.2.1.1. There were no areas with really high concentrations of polar cod, but the concentrations adjacent to the Great Bank dominated. Only small concentrations of polar cod were found to the south near the Kara Strait where huge concentrations were found in 2023. There were significant recordings of polar cod along the north-easternmost of transects which indicate that parts of the polar cod stock were distributed east and possibly north of the covered area.
Figure 7.2.1.1 Geographical distribution of polar cod in autumn 2024 based on acoustic data. Circle sizes correspond to NASC values (m2/nm2) per nm.
7.2.2. Abundance estimation
The stock abundance estimates of polar cod by age, number and weight in 2024 is given in tab. 7 .2. 2 .1 and the time series of abundance estimates is summarized in tab. 7 .2. 2 .2. The estimated means are from 500 bootstrap replicas made in StoX 4.1.1.
The total estimated abundance of polar cod in 2024 was low, less than 15% of the estimate from 2023. Age group 1 dominated the abundance while age group 2 dominated biomass, but the abundance of all age groups was well below the levels in 2023.
The north-east part of the Barents Sea where polar cod is often distributed has not been covered since 2020. There are also indications of a northwards distribution change in polar cod, so the survey results must be interpreted with caution. However, the estimates indicate that there has been a very strong dynamic in the Barents Sea polar cod stock abundance during the past decade, especially compared to the period 1991-2013.
Length (cm)
Age/year class
Sum (10^9)
Biomass (10^3)
Mean weight (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
7.0-8.0
0.001
0.001
0.002
2.12
8.0-9.0
0.093
0.093
0.375
4.17
9.0-10.0
0.089
0.089
0.518
5.83
10.0-11.0
0.307
0.006
0.313
2.489
7.87
11.0-12.0
0.644
0.019
0.663
7.111
10.75
12.0-13.0
0.379
0.038
0.005
0.422
5.780
13.54
13.0-14.0
0.188
0.139
0.013
0.005
0.346
6.194
17.82
14.0-15.0
0.018
0.202
0.050
0.002
0.004
0.276
6.194
22.32
15.0-16.0
0.005
0.283
0.116
0.012
0.005
0.420
11.315
26.82
16.0-17.0
0.230
0.062
0.023
0.002
0.317
10.158
32.03
17.0-18.0
0.070
0.053
0.006
0.002
0.130
4.961
38.54
18.0-19.0
0.030
0.040
0.006
0.076
3.455
46.17
19.0-20.0
0.005
0.037
0.004
0.046
2.381
52.71
20.0-21.0
0.005
0.025
0.029
1.835
62.03
21.0-22.0
0.003
0.007
0.003
0.013
0.904
77.79
22.0-23.0
0.003
0.002
0.006
0.422
76.54
23.0-24.0
0.002
0.002
0.190
93.94
24.0-25.0
0.001
0.001
0.113
79.99
25.0-26.0
0.001
0.001
0.081
96.44
TSN (109)
1.725
1.022
0.383
0.096
0.018
0.002
3.252
TSB (103 t)
19.243
26.961
12.923
4.392
0.767
0.190
64.668
Mean length (cm)
11.13
14.88
16.09
17.93
17.59
23.00
13.79
Mean weight (g)
11.32
26.71
34.67
47.19
46.12
91.80
23.06
Table 7.2.2.1. Barents Sea polar cod. Summary of results from the acoustic estimate in August- October 2024. All values in the table are derived from average number and biomass at length and age from 500 bootstrap runs in StoX 4.1.1.
Estimates based on Target strength (TS) Length (L) relationship : TS= 21.8 log (L) – 72.7
Year
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4+
Total
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
1986
24.038
169.6
6.263
104.3
1.058
31.5
0.082
3.4
31.441
308.8
1987
15.041
125.1
10.142
184.2
3.111
72.2
0.039
1.2
28.333
382.8
1988
4.314
37.1
1.469
27.1
0.727
20.1
0.052
1.7
6.562
86.0
1989
13.540
154.9
1.777
41.7
0.236
8.6
0.060
2.6
15.613
207.8
1990
3.834
39.3
2.221
56.8
0.650
25.3
0.094
6.9
6.799
127.3
1991
23.670
214.2
4.159
93.8
1.922
67.0
0.152
6.4
29.903
381.5
1992
22.902
194.4
13.992
376.5
0.832
20.9
0.064
2.9
37.790
594.9
1993
16.269
131.6
18.919
367.1
2.965
103.3
0.147
7.7
38.300
609.7
1994
27.466
189.7
9.297
161.0
5.044
154.0
0.790
35.8
42.597
540.5
1995
30.697
249.6
6.493
127.8
1.610
41.0
0.175
7.9
38.975
426.2
1996
19.438
144.9
10.056
230.6
3.287
103.1
0.212
8.0
33.012
487.4
1997
15.848
136.7
7.755
124.5
3.139
86.4
0.992
39.3
28.012
400.7
1998
89.947
505.5
7.634
174.5
3.965
119.3
0.598
23.0
102.435
839.5
1999
59.434
399.6
22.760
426.0
8.803
286.8
0.435
25.9
91.463
1141.9
2000
33.825
269.4
19.999
432.4
14.598
597.6
0.840
48.4
69.262
1347.8
2001
77.144
709.0
15.694
434.5
12.499
589.3
2.271
132.1
107.713
1869.6
2002
8.431
56.8
34.824
875.9
6.350
282.2
2.322
143.2
52.218
1377.2
2003*
32.804
242.7
3.255
59.9
15.374
481.2
1.739
87.6
53.172
871.4
2004
99.404
627.1
22.777
404.9
2.627
82.2
0.510
32.7
125.319
1143.8
2005
71.675
626.6
57.053
1028.2
3.703
120.2
0.407
28.3
132.859
1803.0
2006
16.190
180.8
45.063
1277.4
12.083
445.9
0.698
37.2
74.033
1941.2
2007
29.483
321.2
25.778
743.4
3.230
145.8
0.315
19.8
58.807
1230.1
2008
41.693
421.8
18.114
522.0
5.905
247.8
0.415
27.8
66.127
1219.4
2009
13.276
100.2
22.213
492.5
8.265
280.0
0.336
16.6
44.090
889.3
2010
27.285
234.2
18.257
543.1
12.982
594.6
1.253
58.6
59.777
1430.5
2011
34.460
282.3
14.455
304.4
4.728
237.1
0.514
36.7
54.158
860.5
2012
13.521
113.6
4.696
104.3
2.121
93.0
0.119
8.0
20.457
318.9
2013
2.216
18.1
4.317
102.2
5.243
210.3
0.180
9.9
11.956
340.5
2014
0.687
6.5
4.439
110.0
3.196
121.0
0.080
5.3
8.402
243.2
2015
10.866
97.1
1.995
45.1
0.167
5.3
0.008
0.5
13.036
148.0
2016
95.919
792.7
6.380
139.1
0.207
6.9
0.023
0.7
102.529
939.4
2017
13.810
121.8
8.269
200.8
1.112
34.3
0.003
0.1
23.195
357.1
2018**
1.900
16.4
0.980
23.1
0.240
9.4
0.014
0.6
3.124
49.6
2019**
6.109
49.8
1.217
30.3
0.214
6.3
0.014
0.8
7.555
87.2
2020
115.139
988.3
20.133
386.8
8.217
299.3
0.647
42.8
144.171
1720.8
2021**
45.340
375.5
44.020
819.9
2.190
90.4
0.210
13.3
91.760
1299.0
2022**
No data
2023**
9.640
75.9
3.465
54.9
6.240
221.9
2.983
137.7
22.328
490.4
2024**
1.725
19.2
1.022
27.0
0.383
12.9
0.114
5.2
3.252
64.7
Average
30.760
248.4
13.720
306.8
4.450
167.2
0.520
28.1
49.490
752.0
Table 7.2.2.2. Barents Sea polar cod. Summary of acoustic estimates by age in August-October 2024. TSN and TSB are total stock numbers (hundred million) and total stock biomass (thousand t) respectively.
* numbers partly based on VPA estimates
** incomplete survey coverage
7.3 Herring (Clupea harengus)
7.3.1 Geographical distribution
Young Norwegian spring spawning herring (NSSH) was distributed over large parts of the southern Barents Sea (Figure 7.3.1.1).
Figure 7.3.1.1 Geographical distribution of herring in autumn 2024 based on acoustic recordings. Circle sizes correspond to NASC values (m2/nm2) per nm.
7.3.2 Abundance estimation
The estimated total number and biomass of NSSH in the Barents Sea in the autumn 2024 is shown in tab. 7.3.2.1, and the time series of abundance estimates is summarized in tab. 7 .3. 2 .2. Total numbers in 2024 were estimated at ca. 72 billion individuals (tab. 7.3.2.1). This is the third highest on record and ca. 2.5 times higher than the long-term average (tab. 7.3.2.2). Abundance of age group 1 was low, while abundance of age group 2 (2022 year class) was >5 times higher than the long-term average and abundance of age group 3 (2021 year class) was >6 times higher. The abundances of both 2 and 3-year-olds were the highest on record. Also abundance of age group 4+ was above the long-term average. The very high abundances of 2 and 3-year-olds were expected given the very high abundances of 1 and 2-year-olds in 2023. The total biomass of NSS-herring in the Barents Sea, which is dominated by biomass of 2 and 3-year-olds is the highest that has been measured since 1999.
Length (cm)
Age/year class
Sum (10^9)
Biomass (10^3 t)
Mean weight (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
10.0-11.0
0.004
0.004
0.028
6.83
11.0-12.0
0.075
0.075
0.760
9.54
12.0-13.0
1.194
1.194
15.353
12.38
13.0-14.0
1.020
1.020
15.317
15.29
14.0-15.0
0.269
0.146
0.415
7.846
18.90
15.0-16.0
0.080
1.577
1.657
41.317
24.92
16.0-17.0
0.240
9.481
9.721
282.643
29.07
17.0-18.0
0.176
10.613
10.789
374.855
34.99
18.0-19.0
0.039
7.451
7.490
312.536
41.99
19.0-20.0
0.012
5.938
0.240
6.191
302.748
49.52
20.0-21.0
3.604
0.790
4.394
255.483
58.14
21.0-22.0
1.898
3.099
4.997
348.415
68.75
22.0-23.0
0.968
5.163
6.132
496.857
79.97
23.0-24.0
1.288
5.936
7.224
659.783
91.00
24.0-25.0
0.485
3.535
4.020
425.111
106.75
25.0-26.0
0.500
2.128
2.628
324.159
122.22
26.0-27.0
0.045
0.853
0.052
0.950
132.731
138.86
27.0-28.0
0.262
0.047
0.309
49.073
156.65
28.0-29.0
0.043
0.148
0.191
39.034
203.19
29.0-30.0
0.060
0.043
0.103
22.626
217.40
30.0-31.0
0.117
0.117
28.084
237.69
31.0-32.0
0.018
0.077
0.095
26.542
278.02
32.0-33.0
0.021
0.180
0.059
0.414
0.674
205.013
304.32
33.0-34.0
0.143
0.061
1.024
1.229
397.241
323.00
34.0-35.0
0.056
0.465
0.014
0.535
181.439
340.52
35.0-36.0
0.068
0.068
24.542
357.42
TSN (109)
3.109
43.995
22.109
0.424
0.021
0.323
0.176
2.048
0.014
72.321
TSB (103 t)
53.788
1943.005
2055.332
87.421
6.173
97.890
57.020
663.762
5.144
4984.863
Mean length (cm)
12.50
18.70
23.12
28.42
32.00
32.46
33.06
33.08
34.00
20.14
Mean weight (g)
14.93
49.94
95.95
204.02
292.00
303.70
325.34
324.99
364.00
75.27
Table 7.3.2.1. NSSH. Acoustic estimate in the Barents Sea in August-October 2024. All values in the table are derived from average number and biomass at length and age from 1000 bootstrap runs in StoX 4.0.
Estimates based on Target strength (TS) Length (L) relationship: TS= 20.0 log (L) – 71.9
Year
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4+
Total
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
1999
48.759
716.0
0.986
31.0
0.051
2.0
49.795
749.0
2000
14.731
383.0
11.499
560.0
26.230
943.0
2001
0.525
12.0
10.544
604.0
1.714
160.0
12.783
776.0
2002
No data
2003
99.786
3090.0
4.336
220.0
2.476
326.0
106.597
3636.0
2004
14.265
406.0
36.495
2725.0
0.901
107.0
51.717
3252.0
2005
46.380
984.0
16.167
1055.0
6.973
795.0
69.520
2833.0
2006
1.618
34.0
5.535
398.0
1.620
211.0
8.773
643.0
2007
3.941
148.0
2.595
218.0
6.378
810.0
0.250
46.0
13.164
1221.0
2008
0.030
1.0
1.626
77.0
3.987*
287*
3.223*
373*
8.866*
738*
2009
1.538
48.0
0.433
52.0
1.807
287.0
1.686
393.0
5.577
815.0
2010
1.047
35.0
0.315
34.0
0.234
37.0
0.428
104.0
2.025
207.0
2011
0.095
3.0
1.504
106.0
0.006
1.0
1.605
109.0
2012
2.031
36.0
1.078
66.0
1.285
195.0
4.394
296.0
2013
7.657
202.0
5.029
322.0
0.092
13.0
0.057
9.0
12.835
546.0
2014
4.188
62.0
1.822
126.0
6.825
842.0
0.162
25.0
13.011
1058.0
2015
1.183
6.0
9.023
530.0
3.214
285.0
0.149
24.0
13.569
845.0
2016
7.760
131.0
1.573
126.0
3.089
389.0
0.029
6.0
12.452
652.0
2017
34.950
820.0
2.138
141.0
3.465
412.0
0.982
210.0
41.537
1583.0
2018**
0.530
22.6
6.035
526.0
1.299
165.5
0.897
171.7
1.165
482.5
2019
13.650
172.0
0.209
15.1
6.000
756.0
1.600
487.0
21.460
1430.0
2020
0.231
13.0
1.816
189.0
11.59*
2796*
13.636*
2998*
2021
1.410
80.8
0.120
10.1
0.360
39.5
0.720
144.7
2.610
275.1
2022**
4.442
155.2
0.882
76.6
0.000
0.0
1.459
412.3
6.783
645.7
2023
64.115
925.2
32.920
1558.1
4.443
546.7
2.458
752.9
103.935
3783.0
2024
3.109
53.8
43.995
1943.0
22.109
2055.3
2.993
912.3
72.321
4984.9
Average
15.740
355.3
7.880
461.3
3.340
371.3
1.790
429.2
27.050
1420.0
Table 7.3.2.2. NSSH. Summary of acoustic estimates by age in autumn 1999-2024. TSN and TSB are total stock numbers (hundred million) and total stock biomass (thousand t) respectively.
*in mix with Kanin herring in the south-eastern part of the coverage area
**survey coverage only on Norwegian (western) side
7.4 Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou)
7.4.1 Geographical distribution
Blue whiting contributes to make up the mid-trophic pelagic component in the south-western part of the Barents Sea ecosystem. The Barents Sea is on the border of the distribution area for the blue whiting, but with incoming strong year-classes, increased abundance of young blue whiting in the Barents Sea is normally observed. The distribution of blue whiting from the BESS 2024 is shown in fig. 7.4.1.1. The distribution was similar to last year following the shelf edge north to Svalbard/Spitsbergen and with some recordings stretching north of Svalbard/Spitsbergen.
Figure 7.4.1.1. Geographical distribution of blue whiting in autumn 2024 based on acoustic recordings. Circle sizes correspond to NASC values (m2/nm2) per nm.
7.4.2 Abundance by size and age
The estimated total number and biomass of blue whiting in the Barents Sea in the autumn 2024 is shown in tab. 7.4.2.1, and the time series of abundance estimates is summarized in tab. 7 .4. 2 .2.
The total abundance and biomass are higher than last year but below the long-term average (tab. 7.4.2.2). The 3 and 4-year-olds (2021 and 2020 year classes) dominate both the abundance and biomass (tab. 7.4.2.1).
Length (cm)
Age/year class
Sum (10^6)
Biomass (10^3 t)
Mean weight (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2009
20.0-21.0
0.6
0.6
0.0
44.33
21.0-22.0
2.5
2.5
0.1
54.96
22.0-23.0
3.6
5.8
9.4
0.6
62.12
23.0-24.0
14.2
0.7
0.9
15.9
1.1
73.05
24.0-25.0
1.1
5.2
3.4
0.7
10.4
0.9
86.04
25.0-26.0
19.4
19.4
2.0
101.47
26.0-27.0
2.4
19.0
15.3
36.7
4.1
112.29
27.0-28.0
36.8
25.1
9.9
71.7
9.0
126.09
28.0-29.0
32.3
54.9
6.9
94.0
13.4
142.51
29.0-30.0
1.0
19.2
7.5
27.0
54.7
8.5
156.99
30.0-31.0
11.2
22.0
8.9
11.0
5.5
3.9
62.3
10.7
170.68
31.0-32.0
2.9
5.9
8.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
22.3
4.2
189.94
32.0-33.0
3.7
6.9
5.8
2.8
3.3
3.9
26.3
5.2
199.15
33.0-34.0
4.1
5.4
9.5
2.1
220.59
34.0-35.0
3.2
4.0
3.6
3.1
13.8
3.5
250.26
35.0-36.0
3.6
1.4
3.4
1.5
1.9
11.9
3.3
270.30
36.0-37.0
0.1
4.0
0.1
4.3
1.3
300.24
37.0-38.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
243.00
38.0-39.0
39.0-40.0
40.0-41.0
41.0-42.0
42.0-43.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
402.00
43.0-44.0
TSN (106)
22.0
15.2
144.9
139.2
67.6
17.8
18.6
15.5
3.3
9.4
9.2
3.1
0.1
499.0
TSB (103 t)
1.5
1.3
19.1
20.2
10.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
0.8
1.9
2.0
0.8
0.0
70.8
Mean length (cm)
22.30
24.50
27.10
28.20
29.10
31.10
32.20
33.10
33.00
32.10
32.50
34.00
42.00
28.00
Mean weight (g)
66.70
92.60
128.90
143.90
159.00
202.20
214.20
224.00
217.80
196.30
216.60
257.20
402.00
143.77
Table 7.4.2.1 Blue whiting. Acoustic estimate in the Barents Sea in August-October 2024. All values in the table are derived from average number and biomass at length and age from 500 bootstrap runs in StoX 4.0.0.
Estimates based on Target strength (TS) Length (L) relationship: TS= 20 log (L) - 65.2
Year
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4+
Total
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
TSN
TSB
2004
669
26
439
33
1056
98
1211
159
3575
327
2005
649
20
523
36
1051
86
809
102
3039
244
2006
47
2
478
34
730
70
922
129
2177
235
2007
+
+
116
11
892
92
743
107
1757
210
2008
+
+
+
+
10
1
238
36
247
37
2009
1
+
+
+
6
1
359
637
366
65
2010
2
5
1
155
31
163
33
2011
2
+
2
+
13
2
93
22
109
25
2012
583
27
64
8
58
9
321
77
1025
121
2013
1
349
28
135
13
175
42
664
84
2014
111
5
19
2
185
20
127
28
443
55
2015
1768
71
340
29
134
15
286
44
2529
159
2016
277
13
1224
82
588
48
216
36
2351
188
2017
43
2
253
22
503
49
269
38
1143
115
2018
18
1
74
8
215
29
332
40
2019
54
2
64
5
66
8
162
27
347
43
2020
110
5
19
2
11
1
56
11
196
18
2021
406
17
58
5
39
5
67
13
584
40
2022
195
8
143
12
41
4
58
10
437
34
2023
29
2
61
5
84
10
100
17
275
34
2024
22
1
15
1
145
19
284
48
499
71
Average
292
14
220
19
277
27
327
78
1060
104
Table 7.4.2.2 Blue whiting. Acoustic estimates by age in autumn 2004-2024. TSN and TSB are total stock numbers (106) and total stock biomass (103 tons).
Estimates based on Target strength (TS) Length (L) relationship : TS = 20 log (L) - 65.2 (Recalculation by Åge Høines, IMR 2017)
Note:«+» <0.5
Year class
Age
Numbers (10^6)
Mean weight (g)
Biomass (10^3 t)
2023
2022
1
22.0
29.3
66.73
56.52
1.5
1.7
2022
2021
2
15.2
61.3
92.61
88.57
1.3
5.4
2021
2020
3
144.9
84.0
128.93
118.40
19.1
9.9
2020
2019
4+
283.8
100.2
166.41
136.44
48.1
17.4
Total stock in:
2024
2023
Total
499.0
274.8
143.77
125.37
70.8
34.5
Table 7.4.2.3 Summary of stock size estimates for blue whiting in 2023-2024.
Indices calculated from the ecosystem survey bottom trawl data (not shown here) are used in annual assessments of cod, haddock, beaked redfish and Greenland halibut. Data from the ecosystem survey is currently evaluated as part of the process of establishing an assessment model for the wolffish species. The maps shown are based on bottom trawl catches. For cod and haddock, we provide swept area estimates as numbers per nm2, with length dependent sweep width corrections. The parameters for the length dependent sweep width correction are given in tab. 8.1.
Table 8.1 The parameters for the length dependent sweep width, with correction.
Species
a
b
lmin
lmax
Cod
5.91
0.43
15 cm
62 cm
Haddock
2.08
0.75
15 cm
48 cm
The maps for cod and haddock are provided for four length groups: > 20 cm, 20-34 cm, 35-49 cm and ≥50cm.
The maps showing the distribution of the other species are given as total catch in kg per nm.
Note that projections of the maps in chapter 8 in the current report differ from maps previous years.
8.1 Cod (Gadus morhua)
At the time of survey cod usually reaches the northern and eastern limits of its feeding area. In general, the cod was distributed over the entire area surveyed except the far northeastern part, with the highest concentrations on the shallower bank areas (figs. 8.1.1-8.1.4) Smaller cod (< 20 cm) was hardly found in the southeastern area, and cod 20-34 cm was not found in the southwestern part.
Figure 8.1.1 Distribution of cod <20 cm, August-October 2024.
Figure 8.1.2 Distribution of cod 20-34 cm, August-October 2024.
Figure 8.1.3 Distribution of cod 35-49 cm, August-October 2024.
Figure 8.1.4 Distribution of cod >= 50 cm, August-October 2024.
8.2 Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
Haddock was found mainly in shallower areas in the western and south-eastern Barents Sea. Smaller haddock (<20cm, Fig. 8.2a), had a wider distribution than the larger individuals. Haddock < 20 cm are mainly 0-group and 1-group haddock. Some of these smaller individuals were caught north of Svalbard/Spitsbergen. The larger and older haddock (Figs. 8.2.1-8.2.4) were mainly found in the south-eastern Barents Sea, along the coast of Northern Norway and on the shallower bank areas, and along the bank-edges both north and south of Bear Island Trough and Hopen Trench.
Figure 8.2.1 Distribution of haddock < 20 cm, August-October 2024.
Figure 8.2.2 Distribution of haddock 20-34 cm, August-October 2024.
Figure 8.2.3 Distribution of haddock 35-49 cm, August-October 2024.
Figure 8.2.4 Distribution of haddock >= 50 cm, August-October 2024.
BESS covers an area where mainly younger Greenland halibut is found, with nursery areas in the northernmost part. In recent years there has been a noticeable increase in the number of fish between 20-40 cm. As in previous years, Greenland halibut was observed in most catches in the deep areas of the Barents Sea (fig. 8.3). The distribution pattern was similar to previous years, with main concentrations observed around Svalbard/Spitsbergen, to the west of Franz Josef Land, and in the Bear Island Trench.
The BESS registrations result in three indices, one for fish up to 17 cm, one for fish between 18 and 27 cm, and one for fish above 28 cm. Moreover, trawl indices from surveys that cover deeper waters at the continental slope, are also used in the stock assessment.
Figure 8.3 Distribution of Greenland halibut, August-October 2024.
8.4 Golden redfish (Sebastes norvegicus)
Data from the ecosystem survey is currently not used in the assessment of golden redfish. In 2024, centers of abundance for golden redfish were observed along the coast of the Troms region in Norway, along the Murman coast, and along the northern and western coast of Svalbard/Spitsbergen (fig. 8.4). As in earlier years observations in the eastern Barents Sea, were few and of low abundance.
Figure 8.4 Distribution of golden redfish, August-October 2024.
8.5 Beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella)
Data from BESS is used in the assessment of beaked redfish. As in previous years, beaked redfish were absent from an area north of Bear Island and in the south-eastern part of the Barents Sea (Fig. 8.5). Moreover, in contrast to last year, the species was largely absent east of 40 °E and along the west shelf of Svalbard (but note lacking coverage there). The highest catches of beaked redfish were concentrated in the area south and east of Bear Island. and some catches were also recorded along the shelf break north of Bear Island and north and northwest of Svalbard/Spitsbergen. Catch weight decreased from the west towards the eastern Barents Sea.
Figure 8. 5 Distribution of beaked redfish, August-October 2024.
8.6 Long rough dab (Hippoglossoides platessoides)
The long rough dab as usually the most numerous species in the demersal survey in the Barents Sea. Long rough dab was found in almost all trawl catches in the survey area, but the maximum densities and highest catches were in the Central Bank, along the slopes of the Svalbard/Spitsbergen bank and in a small area in the southeast. (fig. 8.6). The numbers and biomass of long rough dab in the Barents Sea have been stable over the past 20 years. Based on the ecosystem survey data, the total stock biomass index of this species is between 400 and 500 thousand tons.
Figure 8.6 Distribution of long rough dab, August-October 2024.
8.7 Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)
Plaice is mainly found in the southeastern Barents Sea from the coast of Murman to the Kolguev Island. The highest densities were on the border to the White Sea and in the area closed to trawl fishing, where the Kamchatka crab fishing takes place (Fig. 8.7).
The distance between the trawl stations at the ecosystem survey is too large to correctly assess plaice distribution and abundance. The plaice distribution is very patchy, and partly found in areas that cannot be trawled, this greatly affects the possibility to assess the stock. According to the ecosystem survey data, the total stock biomass index is about 50 thousand tons and its biomass has been stable in recent years.
Figure 8.7 Distribution of plaice, August-October 2024.
8.8 Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus)
Atlantic wolffish is the most numerous of the three species of wolffishes inhabiting the Barents Sea, while due to its smaller size has the lowest biomass of the three species. At the survey in 2024 Atlantic wolffish was mainly found in Atlantic waters north-west of Svalbard/Spitsbergen and in shallower waters along the edge of the Hopen Trough and Bear Island Trench and scattered as well as scattered further south (fig. 8.8).
Figure 8.8 Distribution of Atlantic wolffish, August-October 2024.
8.9 Spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor)
In 2024 the spotted wolffish was found in the central part of the sea with densities along the slopes of the Svalbard/Spitsbergen and Central Banks (fig. 8.9).
Figure 8.9 Distribution of Northern wolffish, August-October 2024.
8.10 Northern wolffish (Anarhichas denticulatus)
In 2024 Northern wolffish was distributed along the slopes of Hopen Trench extending into the slopes of the Central Basin in the eastern Barents Sea (Fig. 8.10).
Figure 8.10 Distribution of spotted wolffish, August-October 2024.
This group will no longer be updated due to reduced resources.
9.2 Fish biodiversity in the demersal compartment
Figures by: D. Prozorkevich
9.2.1 Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii).
Norway pout is usually found in the south-western part of the ecosystem survey area. The distribution of Norway pout in 2024 was approximately the same as in 2023 (fig. 9.2.1).
The maximum catch of Norway pout in 2024 (138.7 kg/nm) was a little lower than in 2023 (153.9 kg/nm), but the average catch in 2024 (1.6 kg/nm) was a little higher (1.4 kg/nm in 2023). Total abundance and biomass of Norway pout in 2024 (1520.2 million individuals and 44.1 thousand tons respectively) were higher than in 2023 (1067.8 million individuals and 36.1 thousand t respectively) (tab. 9.2.1).
Figure 9.2.1 Distribution of Norway pout, August-October 2024 and August-September 2023.
9.2.2 Norway redfish (Sebastes viviparus).
Norway redfish occurred in the south-western area of the survey along the Norwegian coast in 2024 (fig. 9.2.2).
The maximum catch of Norway redfish in 2024 (63.0 kg/nm) as well as the average catch (0.7 kg/nm) were much lower than in 2023 (330.7 kg/nm and 1.6 kg/nm respectively). Total abundance and biomass of this species in 2024 (127.4 million individuals and 13.6 thousand t) were less than in 2023 (189.6 million individuals and 28.9 thousand t respectively) (tab. 9.2.1).
Figure 9.2.2 Distribution of Norway redfish, August-October 2024 and August-September 2023.
Table 9.2.1 Total abundance (N, million individuals) and biomass (B, thousand t) of Norway pout and Norway redfish in the Barents Sea in August-September 2006-2024 based on demersal trawls (not including 0-group).
Species
Year
Norway pout
Norway redfish
N
B
N
B
2006
1838
32
219
19
2007
2065
61
64
10
2008
3579
97
24
4
2009
3841
131
17
2
2010
3530
103
26
2
2011
5976
68
83
9
2012
3089
105
114
12
2013
2267
40
233
25
2014
1254
37
105
6
2015
943
33
168
20
2016
797
28
125
13
2017
1260.6
21.6
133.7
14.3
2018
1687.2
50.8
202.9
25.3
2019
1949.2
51.1
142.5
15.5
2020
515.2
14.6
155.7
22.6
2021
330.6
11.6
131.6
19.1
2023*
1067.8
36.1
189.6
28.9
2024
1520.2↑
44.1↑
127.4↓
13.6↓
* – 2022 is not included due to the lack of synoptic coverage
9.2.3 Thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) and Arctic skate (Amblyraja hyperborea)
Thorny skate and Arctic skate were selected as indicator species to study how ecologically similar fishes from different zoogeographic groups respond to changes of their environment. Thorny skate belongs to the mainly boreal zoogeographic group and is widely distributed in the Barents Sea except the most north-eastern areas, while Arctic skate belongs to the Arctic zoogeographic group and is found in the cold waters of the northern area.
In 2024 thorny skate was distributed over a wide area from the north-western to the south-western and south-eastern Barents Sea where warm Atlantic and Coastal Waters dominated (fig. 9.2.3). Compared to 2023 this species occurred less abundant in the south-eastern area.
Thorny skate was observed in 31.1 % of the bottom stations in 2024, approximately the same level as in 2023 (32.7 %). Thorny skate was distributed within a depth of 61-493 m, and the highest biomass occurred at depth of 150-299 m (55.9 % of total biomass). The mean catches in 2024 (0.8 individuals per nm and 0.7 kg per nm) were lower than in 2023 (1.1 individuals per nm and 0.9 kg per nm respectively) (tab. 9.2.2). The estimated total abundance and biomass of thorny skate in 2024 (23.2 million individuals and 20.5 thousand t) were also lower than in 2023 (32.3 million individuals and 28.0 thousand t and have not been in 10 years (tab. 9.2.1).
Figure 9.2.3 Distribution of thorny skate, August-October 2024 and August-September 2023.
Table 9.2.2 Mean catches (abundance N, individuals per nm and biomass B, kg per nm) and total abundance (N, million individuals) and biomass (B, thousand t) of thorny skate during BESS 2014-2024.
Mean catch
Total abundance
N
B
N
B
2014
1.4
1.2
34.4
30.0
2015
1.1
1.0
31.8
30.5
2016
1.0
0.9
30.7
28.2
2017
1.8
1.3
52.0
39.7
2019*
2.0
1.4
57.0
41.3
2020
0.8
0.7
31.7
31.1
2021
0.6
0.4
30.7
27.6
2023**
1.1
0.9
32.3
28.0
2024
0.8
0.7
23.2
20.5
* – 2018 is not included due to the poor survey coverage
** – 2022 is not included due to the lack of synoptic coverage
Arctic skate was only observed in two bottom stations in 2024, at a depth of 336 m in the Central Trough (1 individual: 68 cm and 3.55 kg) and 322 m on the Great Bank (Perseus Bank) (1 individual: 55 cm and 1.85 kg) (Figure 9.2.4). The mean catch (in terms of abundance and biomass) of Arctic skate in 2024 (0.01 individuals per nm and 0.02 kg per nm) was less than in 2023 (0.02 individuals per nm and 0.03 kg per nm) (Table 9.2.3). The total abundance and biomass of Arctic skate in 2024 was not calculated due to lack of sufficient data for analysis.
Figure 9.2.4 Distribution of Arctic skate, August-October 2024 and August-September 2023.
Table 9.2.3 Mean catches (abundance N, individuals per nm and biomass B, kg per nm) and total abundance (N, million individuals) and biomass (B, thousand t) of Arctic skate during BESS 2014-2024.
Mean catch
Total abundance
N
B
N
B
2014
0.2
0.3
3.7
6.7
2015
0.07
0.1
1.6
1.9
2016
0.2
0.2
8.6
4.0
2017
0.3
0.3
4.9
4.4
2019*
0.07
0.09
2.0
2.3
2020
0.12
0.11
1.8
1.8
2021
0.02
0.01
0.7
0.6
2023**
0.02
0.03
0.3
0.4
2024
0.01
0.02
–***
–***
* – 2018 was not included due to the poor survey coverage
** – 2022 is not included due to the lack of synoptic coverage
*** – have not been estimated due to lack of sufficient data for analysis
9.3 Uncommon or rare species
Rare or uncommon species are either species that are not caught at the Barents Sea ecosystem survey every year (e.g. megrim Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis – known from the Atlantic coasts off northern Africa to Norway, including the Mediterranean, the British Isles and Iceland, but uncommon in the Arctic region), or caught most years but in low numbers and with limited occurrence (e.g. Arctic rockling Gaidropsarus argentatus, known off southeastern Greenland, off Iceland and the Faroe Islands to the Norwegian coast and northward to the Barents Sea in the survey area found along the continental slope between the Norwegian coast and Svalbard/ Spitsbergen and eastward to Franz Josef Land). Most of these species usually occur in areas adjacent to the Barents Sea and were therefore found mainly along the border of the surveyed area.
Some uncommon species were also observed in the Barents Sea during the ecosystem survey in 2024 (Figure 9.3.1).
Figure 9.3.1 Distribution of rare and uncommon fish species in the Barents Sea in August-October 2024. The size of circles corresponds to total abundance (individuals per trawl station, both pelagic and bottom trawl stations were used, both pelagic and demersal species are included).
9.4 Zoogeographic and taxonomic groups
During the 2024 ecosystem survey, 83 fish species from 27 families were recorded in the catches. Some specimens were only identified to genus or family level, especially from the families Liparidae, where genus Careproctus includes different species which are difficult to identify onboard. The highest number of species belonged to the families Zoarcidae (13.3 % of the total number of species), Gadidae (12.0 %) and Cottidae (9.6 %). The recorded species belonged to 7 zoogeographic groups: widely distributed, south boreal, boreal, mainly boreal, Arctic-boreal, mainly Arctic and Arctic as defined by Andriashev and Chernova (1994). Only bottom trawl data were used, and only non-commercial species were included in the analysis, both demersal (including bentho-pelagic) and pelagic (neritopelagic, epipelagic, bathypelagic) species (Andriashev and Chernova, 1994, Parin, 1968, 1988). Among the analyzed species most belonged to the Arctic (31.0 % of the total number of species), mainly boreal (25.9 %) and boreal (24.1 %) zoogeographic groups.
The median and maximum catches of non-commercial fish from the different zoogeographic groups are shown in tabs. 9.4.1, 9.4.2. Please note that differences in spatial survey coverage within years are not taken into account).
Widely distributed (only ribbon barracudina Arctozenus risso represents this group), south boreal (e.g. silvery pout Gadiculus argenteus, greater forkbeard Phycis blennoides) and boreal (e.g. moustache sculpin Triglops murrayi, fourbeard rockling Enchelyopus cimbrius) species were mostly found in the central, southwestern and western part of the survey area where warm Atlantic and Coastal Waters dominate (fig. 9.4.1). The median catches of ribbon barracudina in 2024 were one third of that in 2023. The median catches of species from the south boreal zoogeographic group in 2024 half of the median catch in 2023, but the second highest since the start of this times series in 2013. The median catches of species from the boreal zoogeographic group in 2024 were double that in 2023, and at the level as 2020-2021 (tab. 9.4.1).
Mainly boreal species (e.g. three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, gracile eelpout Lycodes gracilis) were widely distributed throughout the survey area (fig. 4.2.1). The median and maximum catches of species from the mainly boreal group were little lower in 2024 than in 2023 (tabs. 9.4.1, 9.4.2).
Arctic-boreal species (e.g. Atlantic poacher Leptagonus decagonus, ribbed sculpin Triglops pingelii) were found in the central, northern and south-eastern part of the Barents Sea (fig 9.4.1). The median catches of species from the Arctic-boreal zoogeographic group in 2024 were approximately at the same level as in 2020-2023 (tab. 9.4.1). The maximum catches in 2024 were lower than in 2023 (tab. 9.4.2).
Mainly Arctic (e.g. Atlantic spiny lumpsucker Eumicrotremus spinosus, nebulous snailfish Liparis bathyarcticus) and Arctic (e.g. pale eelpout Lycodes pallidus, leatherfin lumpsucker Eumicrotremus derjugini) species were mainly found in the northern part of the Barents Sea (fig. 9.4.1). Species from these groups mostly occur in areas influenced by cold Arctic Water, Spitsbergen Bank Water and Novaya Zemlya Coastal Water. Median and maximum catches of mainly Arctic species in 2024 were higher than in 2023 (tabs. 9.4.1, 9.4.2). Median and maximum catches of species from the Arctic zoogeographic group in 2024 were the lowest since 2014 (tabs 9.4.1, 9.4.2).
Figure 9.4.1 Distribution of non-commercial fish species from different zoogeographic groups during the ecosystem survey 2024 and 2023. The size of circles corresponds to total abundance (individuals per nm, only bottom trawl stations were used, both pelagic and demersal species are included).
Table 9.4.1 Median catch (individuals per nm) of non-commercial fish from different zoogeographic groups (only bottom trawl data were used, both pelagic and demersal species are included).
Widely distributed
South boreal
Boreal
Mainly boreal
Arctic-boreal
Mainly Arctic
Arctic
2013
0.2
0.8
7.1
48.9
25.4
10.2
70.8
20141
0.1
0.9
8.7
36.4
8.6
1.7
7.4
2015
0.09
1.2
8.7
71.4
14
1.9
31.5
20162
0.5
1.4
18.3
55.3
8.8
3.3
29.1
2017
0.2
3.2
15
53.7
19.3
4.9
78.5
20193
0.02
2.6
14.2
54.3
15
7.2
108.5
2020
0.1
2.7
17.9
23.7
8.9
1.9
93.7
2021
0.06
1.3
23.0
47.7
7.5
1.7
70.1
20234
0.6
8.8
8.2
31.3
8.1
1.8
13.3
2024
0.2
4.5
19.1
28.6
8.0
3.3
11.7
1 – Coverage in the northern Barents Sea was highly restricted
2 – The survey started in the north
3 – 2018 is not included due to the poor coverage of the Russian Zone
4 – 2022 is not included due to the lack of synoptic coverage
Table 9.4.2 Maximum catch (individuals per nm) of non-commercial fish from different zoogeographic groups (only bottom trawl data were used, both pelagic and demersal species are included).
Widely distributed
South boreal
Boreal
Mainly boreal
Arctic-boreal
Mainly Arctic
Arctic
2013
17.1
171.4
230.0
982.5
3326.9
656.3
3013.8
20141
14.3
105.7
478.6
3841.4
371.6
60.9
386.4
2015
10.0
216.3
660.0
1587.1
1502.4
53.8
832.2
20162
36.7
135.0
743.8
2962.5
283.8
123.2
808.6
2017
7.5
372.9
792.9
2945.0
571.3
282.5
2731.1
20193
1.3
312.0
735.6
1406.1
297.5
828.8
2968.8
2020
11.0
357.0
1646.1
464.8
573.1
156.2
6770.6
2021
9.9
71.3
1788.2
751.3
268.0
80.8
2178.3
20234
29.9
595.1
282.0
614.8
476.0
74.5
402.5
2024
10.4
991.2
1713.5
471.7
191.9
309.1
349.2
1 – Coverage in the northern Barents Sea was highly restricted
2 – The survey started in the north
3 – 2018 are not included due to the poor coverage of the Russian Zone
4 – 2022 is not included due to the lack of synoptic coverage
During the survey in 2024, 317 trawl hauls were completed and 214 of them contained Northern shrimp. The biomass of shrimp varied from several grams to 90.7 kg/nm with an average catch of 8.2 kg/nm (tab. 10.1.1).
Table 10.1.1 The catch characteristics of the Northern shrimp (include SEM) during BESS in 2004-2024.
Year
Total number of stations
Number of stations with shrimp
Total catch, thousand ind.
Total catch, kg
Mean catch, ind./nm
Mean catch, kg/nm
2004
586
385
896
5665
1272
8
2005
602
420
786
6814
1493
12.9
2006
635
469
990
5800
1947
11.4
2007
528
407
796
4528
1849
10.5
2008
387
293
391
2091
1272
6.8
2009
357
262
361
1772
1253
6.1
2010
320
241
390
2280
1600
9.4
2011
379
301
503
2553
1710
8.7
2012
429
328
594
3082
1727
9
2013
416
336
479
2635
1484
8.1
2014
294
211
289
1536
1211
6.4
2015
325
244
288
1533
1050
5.6
2016
292
197
204
1078
896
4.7
2017
321
222
377
2114
1408
8
2018
216
171
244
1410
1413
8.2
2019
314
251
386
2201
1503
8.6
2020
417
314
271
1581
806
4.8
2021
333
252
308
1669
1155
6.3
2022
287
238
236
1294
1210
6.8
2023
320
253
482
2857
1880
10.7
2024
317
214
362
2144
1409
8.2
As in previous years, the densest concentrations of shrimp were registered in the central part of the Barents Sea and around Svalbard/Spitsbergen (fig. 10.1.1).
Figure 10.1.1. Distribution of the Northern shrimp in the Barents Sea in August-September in the two years 2023 and 2024.
Biological analysis of the Northern shrimp was conducted in 2024 by registering carapace length and developmental stage. As in 2023, the bulk of the population of the Barents Sea shrimp was made up of smaller individuals with a carapace length of 12-22 mm (fig.10.1.2). Information on stages and, thus, the proportion of males and females in 2024 was too limited and is therefore not presented.
Figure 10.1.2. Size structure of catches of the Northern shrimp in the eastern Barents Sea 2023-2024.
10.2 Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)
Text by: S. Bakanev, A.M Hjelset, H.E.H. Danielsen
Figures by: S. Bakanev
During BESS-2024 the red king crab were recorded in 20 of 317 trawl catches. All stations with king crab were in the Russian part of the survey area. Compared to previous years, in 2024 no expansion of red king crab range northward or eastward was observed, compared to previous years (fig. 10.2.1).
Despite the identical coverage of the red king crab area by stations in 2024, compared to 2023, both the number of recordings and the total catch were significantly lower (tab. 10.2.1).
Table 10.2.1. The total catches of the Red king crab during BESS 2004-2024.
Year
Total number
of stations
Number of stations
with Red king crab
Total catch,
ind.
Total catch,
kg
Mean catch, ind./nm
Mean catch,
kg/nm
2004
586
9
385
1293
0.4
1.3
2005
602
11
100
296
0.2
0.5
2006
635
67
1180
3340
2.3
6.1
2007
528
13
310
1100
3.1
8.1
2008
390
10
127
93
0.4
0.3
2009
357
6
14
23
0.0
0.1
2010
320
6
12
25
0.0
0.1
2011
379
4
40
22
0.1
0.1
2012
429
9
126
308
0.3
0.8
2013
416
10
272
437
0.6
1.0
2014
295
11
168
403
0.7
1.6
2015
325
11
252
508
0.9
1.9
2016
293
10
201
496
0.7
1.8
2017
322
13
299
687
0.9
2.2
2018*
217
5
73
175
0.4
0.9
2019
314
33
970
1687
3.6
6.3
2020
417
21
229
531
0.4
1.0
2021
333
26
373
1186
1.3
4.2
2022
287
23
306
1035
1.2
4.2
2023
320
22
238
751
0.9
2.7
2024
317
20
83
320
0.4
1.4
* reduced coverage of the Red king crab area
Figure 10.2.1 Distribution of the Red king crab in the Barents Sea in August-September in the two years 2023 and 2024.
The biomass of red king crab catches in 2024 varied from 1.8 to 90.9 kg/nm compared with 2.9 to 157.2 kg/nm in 2023. The mean biomass and standard deviation were 19.76±7.11 kg/nm compared with 42.04±9.23 kg/nm in 2023.
The abundance of crab in 2024 ranged from 1.1 to 25.6 ind./nm given an average crab abundance of 5.1±2.5 ind./nm compared with 1.2 to 58.0 ind./nm given a mean crab abundance of 13.3±3.2 ind./nm in 2023.
The size structure of the observed red king crab in 2024 was represented by a monomodal distribution of males with sizes of crabs with carapace width 150-220 mm. (fig. 10.2.2). No females were found in the catches in 2024.
Figure 10.2.2 Carapace width distribution of the red king crab in the Barents Sea in August-September 2023- 2024.
10.3 Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio)
Text by: S. Bakanev, A.M. Hjelset, H.E.H Danielsen
Figures by: S. Bakanev
Catch rates of snow crab per station varied from 0.008 to 9.8 kg/nm, with an average 1.3±0.4 kg/nm compared with 0.002 to 13.2 kg/nm with an average 0.9±0.3 kg/nm in 2023 (fig. 10.3.1).
The catch rates in number in 2024 ranged from 1 to 95 ind./nm with an average of 9.0±3.3 ind./nm compared with 1-40 ind./nm and 6.1±1.1 ind./nm in 2023 (fig. 10.3.1).
Table 10.3.1. The total and mean (per nautical mile) catches of snow crab during BESS in 2004-2024.
Year
Total number of stations
Number of stations with Snow crab
Total catch, ind.
Total catch, kg
Mean catch, ind./nm
Mean catch,
kg/nm
2004
586
7
7
2
1
0.2
2005
602
12
16
4
2
0.3
2006
635
21
39
10
3
0.6
2007
528
45
115
14
3
0.4
2008
387
65
600
56
12
1.1
2009
357
49
212
37
5
0.9
2010
320
57
396
25
9
0.6
2011
379
84
6658
162
98
2.4
2012
429
114
34798
1 179
377
12.8
2013
416
112
13253
1 086
153
12.4
2014
294
83
10580
677
157
10.0
2015
325
87
1787
258
24
3.5
2016
292
57
1070
103
24
2.3
2017
321
116
20132
1 351
208
14.0
2018*
216
61
9816
764
201
15.7
2019*
314
104
6591
386
77
4.5
2020
417
130
4050
382
33
3.1
2021
333
105
1705
110
20
1.3
2022
287
94
891
50
12
0.7
2023
320
83
1430
151
19
2.0
2024
317
40
280
62
8
0.8
* Some stations in the Snow crab area were not surveyed in 2018 and 2019
Figure 10.3.1 Distribution of the snow crab in the Barents Sea in August-September 2023-2024.
The size distributions of snow crabs caught in 2023 and 2024 were dominated by females within the size range 30-60 mm carapace width. The male size distribution was broader, ranging between carapace width from less than 25 to more than 110 mm (fig. 10.3.2).
Figure 10.3.2 Size distribution of the snow crab in the Barents Sea in August-September 2023-2024.
10.4. Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica)
Text by: D.Y. Blinova, F. Zimmermann, A.M. Hjelset
Figures by: D.Y. Blinova
Within the survey area, the Icelandic scallop is the dominant species. It is not difficult to identify this species, but in some cases other species of related bivalves (Pseudamussium peslutrae, Karnekampia sulcata, Delectopecten vitreus and Palliolum tigerinum) can be mistake identified as the Icelandic scallop. Therefore, caution should be exercised in assessing the distribution and biomass of the Icelandic scallop, which is shown in this chapter. This issue will be investigated later using genetic analysis and the results will be published in the next reports.
Icelandic scallopwas recorded at 70 of 294 trawl stations where benthos was examined in 2024. The survey showed a wide distribution of scallops in the Barents Sea. The deepest record in 2024 was at 493 m, but the most abundant catches were recorded in the shallow banks and elevations of the bottom is Spitsbergen Bank (fig. 10.4.1).
Figure 10.4.1 Distribution of scallops and Chlamys islandica, in the Barents Sea, August-November 2023-2024.
Table 10.4.1 Annual parameters of Icelandic scallop in the Barents Sea.
The list of benthic experts onboard Russian and Norwegian RVs is shown in the Background, tab. 1.
In 2024, bycatch records of megabenthos were made from 294 bottom trawl hauls across four R/Vs during the BESS. Megabenthos was processed to nearest possible taxon with abundance and biomass recorded on all four ships. This was done by three benthic experts from “VNIRO”, and by eight experts from IMR.
11.1 Species diversity
A total of 623 invertebrate taxa (432 identified to species level) was recorded in 2024, which is 5 % (9 %) less than in 2023 (tab. 11.1.1).
In 2024, 69.3 % of benthic invertebrate taxa were recorded at species level versus 66.4 % in previous year. G.O. Sars and Johan Hjort part 1 covered areas with highest biodiversity (403 taxa) and more than 65.1 % of the catch was identified to species level. Vilnyus covered the areas with lowest biodiversity (165 taxa) but had more than 84.8 % of the catch identified to species level. (tab. 11.1.2).
Table 11.1.1 The megabenthos bycatch measures obtained in BESS since 2005-2024. Pelagobenthic Pandalus borealis (Northern shrimp) are excluded from abundance and biomass values.
Year
Number of stations
Total abundance, ind.
Total
biomass, t
Average abundance, ind./n.ml
Average biomass, kg/n.ml
Number species
Number
taxa
2005
224
83077
2.1
522.5
12.7
142
218
2006
637
779454
20.7
1576.0
42.1
261
388
2007
551
526263
18.2
1240.2
44.6
222
351
2008
431
757334
12.2
2183.7
35.7
157
244
2009
378
653918
12.3
2056.4
42.2
283
391
2010
319
239282
6.8
900.0
27.3
273
360
2011
391
1089586
10.8
3411.4
34.3
282
442
2012
443
3521820
42.6
9832.1
125.5
354
513
2013
487
1573121
27.6
3885.0
71.7
362
538
2014
165
390444
5.3
2806.7
36.7
220
333
2015
334
481602
5.3
1815.1
19.9
398
599
2016
317
1116405
6.8
4230.1
36.3
266
423
2017
339
1073697
16.2
3769.4
58.6
319
500
2018
217
852613
15.4
4887.8
89.2
404
574
2019
305
1292902
19.0
4239.0
62.5
427
621
2020
429
898168
10.7
1719.1
30.4
401
611
2021
254
212931
10.2
1076.6
50.6
384
572
2022
287
426850
5.8
2101.2
31.3
382
562
2023
317
342660
7.0
1328.8
33.0
453
682
2024
294
505464
6.1
2193,0
31.5
419
603
Total
865
1377
Long-time average*
362±29
747484±94716
12.4±1.5
2543±310
43.9±4.3
323±21
482±30
* The average long-term value for the period 2006-2023 except invalid (inflated) abundance and biomass data of 2012.
Table 11.1.2. Statistics of megabenthos bycatch processing and assessment of the quality of taxonomic processing of invertebrates in the BESS 2024.
Research vessels
G.O. Sars
Johan Hjort
Part 1
Johan Hjort
Part 2
Kronprins
Haakon
Vilnyus
Total
Number of processed hauls
60
41
23
26
144
294
Phylum
12
13
14
13
10
14
Class
29
27
25
26
20
31
Order
83
80
66
66
49
92
Family
178
167
121
138
90
220
Species
280
252
162
190
137
413
Total number of taxa
381
382
237
265
162
594
Percentage of species identification*
73.5
66.0
68.4
71.7
84.6
69.5
* calculated as quotient from division of total number of identifications till species to total number of identifications, %
The taxonomical structure of the Barents Sea megafauna is almost identical from 2023 to 2024 (fig. 11.1.1), and the area coverage very similar (fig. 11.1.2). Mollusca had the highest number of taxa (153 taxa) followed by Arthropoda (107 taxa), Echinodermata (85 taxa), Porifera (89 taxa) and Cnidaria (71 taxa). Among the mollusks, 54.6 % of taxa belonged to Gastropoda (83 taxa), 32.9 % – to Bivalvia (50 taxa), 7.9 % to Cephalopoda (12 taxa) and the remaining 4.6 % were distributed between Solenogastres, Polyplacophora, and Scaphopoda. The Arthropoda phylum were primarily presented by Malacostraca (81 taxa) and Pycnogonida (18 taxa); only 4 taxa belong to Hexanauplia. Among the Cnidaria 52 % of taxa belonged to Hydrozoa (35 taxa), and 48 % to Anthozoa (33 taxa). Among the Echinoderms the most diverse groups were Asteroidea (48.8 % of taxa), Ophiuroidea (21.9 % of taxa) and Holothuroidea (14.6 % of taxa).
Figure 11.1.1 The number of taxa given as the % distribution among megabenthic phyla in the Barents Sea, August- October 2023 and 2024. Groups having less than 1 % of the total taxa are not shown in the diagrams.
The species density in terms of the number of taxa in standard trawl catches ranged from 0 to 88 with average of 30.5±1.4 taxa per trawl-catch (versus 31.1±1.3 taxa per trawl-catch in 2023). The differences between 2024 and 2023 data are statistically insignificant at the α-level of 0.05 (p = 0.38).
Traditionally, in 2024 the western part of the survey shows higher level of species diversity than the eastern part of the sea (fig. 11.1.2). The highest number of taxa in haul (88 taxa) was recorded on the shallow of Persey Bank (to east of Svalbard/Spitsbergen) at the depth 186 m. The lowest level of diversity (0-5 taxa per haul) was recorded in the south-eastern part of the survey area. There are a very visible division between the Russian ship in east and the Norwegian ships in west (fig. 11.1.2) and it is questioned if this may be a human artifact with different trawl standards rather than a natural phenomenon.
Figure 11.1.2 The number of megabenthic taxa per trawl-catch in the Barents Sea in the periods August-October 2023 and 2024.
The ten most frequently species taken by trawl in the investigated part of the Barents Sea in 2024 were the decapod crustaceans Sabinea septemcarinata (taken by 66 % of the trawl-hauls), sea stars Ctenodiscus crispatus (63 %), Pontaster tenuispinus (49 %), Henricia species (37 %), and Urasterias lincki (34 %) the brittle stars Ophiacantha bidentata (50 %), Ophiopholis aculeata (47 %), and Ophiura sarsii (43 %), soft coral Gersemia rubiformis (39 %), and sea spider Nymphon hirtipes (34 %). The lists of the ten most frequently caught species in 2023 and 2024 are almost identical except for the absence in 2024 of polychaetes Spiochaetopterus typicus.
11.1.3 New species records
During the BESS 2024 in the Norwegian part of the Barents Sea, 27 new taxa was recorded for the first time since 2005 when the ecosystem surveys started, there are three new species in the Russian part of the sea (fig. 11.1.3.1).
Figure 11.1.3.1 Locations of megabenthic species of Porifera (A), Mollusca (B) and “other groups (C) registered in 2024 and for the first time since the start (year 2005) of the long-term monitoring of the Barents Sea and adjacent water of the BESS. Circles illustrate Norwegian ships while squares the Russian ship.
New species of sponges and mollusks was identified by the expert specialists A. Plotkin and A. Voronkov onboard the Norwegian ships. The Polychaete worms observed on the Russian vessel in 2024 are common in the Barents Sea, and identified to species level by K. Rolskaya, who are a specialist of the polychates group on board the Russian vessel.
Of the new 30 species identified in the Barents Sea in 2024, 19 species are boreal and 13 species are new to the BESS (Bubaris vermiculata, Phorbas perarmatus, Aulacofusus brevicauda, Parvicardium minimum, Kellia suborbicularis, Maera loveni, Phascolion (Isomya) tuberculosum, Haliclona rosea, Bela nebula, Buccinum humphreysianum, Petrosia (Petrosia) crassa, Phakelia rugosa, Poecillastra. compressa), and a possible result of their spreading to the east and north due to the long warming period.
The other 17 new species have previously been recorded from the Barents Sea and adjacent shelf areas outside the BESS, and the identification of these species can be a result of a more detailed and/or qualified species identification made by the benthos expert onboard.
11.2 Abundance (number og individuals)
The number of megabenthos individuals in the trawl-catches in 2024 (excluding the pelago-benthic species Pandalus borealis) ranged from 0 to 129936 (0-138229 ind./nm) with an average of 1811±464 ind. per trawl-catch (2193±503 ind./nm). This is 65 % more than in 2023 tab. 11.1). A possible explanation may be the increased number of trawl hauls in 2024 with high number of megabenthos individuals compared to 2023 where the number of such trawl hauls was fewer and within a smaller area. (fig. 11.2.1). But despite the increase in 2024 with 65%, the differences between 2023 and 2024 are statistically insignificant at the α-level of 0.05 (p = 0.56).
Figure 11.2.1 Abundance (ind./nm) of megabenthos (excluding Pandalus borealis) in the Barents Sea in August- October 2023 and 2024.
The abundance distribution in 2024 was very close to the pattern of the previous year (fig. 11.2.1). The largest catch in number of individuals (129936 ind./trawl-catch), mainly consisted of the sea-squirt (Ascidiacea) Rhizomolgula globularis (127929 ind./trawl catches, 98 % of total abundance). These catches were obtained in the western part of the Barents Sea to north of the Bear Island (75.00° N, 19.60° E) at the depth 61 m (fig. 11.2.1). The similar trawl haul with very high numbers of individuals of the sea-squirt R. globularis was recorded in 2021, 2022 and 2023 within the exactly same position and depth. As in previous year, the lowest abundances (less than 50-100 ind. per haul) was recorded in the south-eastern part of the sea within the Russian part of the survey.
In 2024, the abundance distribution across the main megabenthic groups (%, excluding Pandalus borealis) in the Barents Sea was dominated by Echinodermata, Chordata (due to high local concentration of sea-squirt R. globularis), and Arthropoda (Crustacea makes up the main part). This is in accordance with the long-term pattern (fig. 11.2.2).
Figure 11.2.2 The distribution of abundance (excluding Pandalus borealis) across the main megabenthic groups (%) in the Barents Sea, August- October 2023 and 2024. The groups with the number of individuals less than 1 % of total are not shown in the diagrams.
The ten most abundant species (in the term of total number of individuals caught during the BESS 2024 were the sea-squirts R. globularis (24.0 %) and Kukenthalia borealis (2.4 %), sea star Ctenodiscus crispatus (11.5 % of total abundance), the brittle stars Ophiacantha bidentata (9.0 %), Ophiopholis aculeata (2,7 %), and Ophiura sarsii (1.7 %), sea urchins of genera Strongylocentrotus (mainly S. pallidus) (6,4 %), sedentaria polychaets Spiochaetopterus typicus (5.1 %), shrimp Sabinea septemcarinata (4.2 %), and bivalve Bathyarca glacialis (2.7 %).
11.3 Biomass
As in previous years in 2024, Sponges, Echinoderms, and Crustaceans made up the main part of the total megabenthic biomass (94 %) (Fig. 11.3.1).
Figure 11.3.1 The distribution of biomass (excluding Pandalus borealis) across the main megabenthic groups (%) in the Barents Sea, August-October 2023 and 2024. The groups with the biomass less than 1 % of total are not shown in the diagrams.
The megabenthos biomass taken by the trawl (excluding the semi-pelagic species Pandalus borealis) in 2024 varied from 0 to 1168 kg (0-2089 kg/nm) with an average of 20.9±5.9 kg per trawl-catches (31.5±10.4 kg/nm). This average is 4.5 % less than in the previous year and 28.2 % less than the average long-term value for the period 2006-2023 except the invalid 2012 (tab. 11.1). The differences between 2023 and 2024 data are statistically insignificant at the α-level of 0.05 (p = 0.92).
The biomass distribution in 2023 were very close to the pattern of previous years (fig. 11.3.2) and did not show the division into the “Russian” and the “Norwegian” side as for the species number (fig 11.1.2) and the abundance (11.2.1) which indicates that “biomass” is a measure less sensitive for artificial artifacts such as trawl-rigging. Areas with low biomass was in the central south eastern area, while the highest trawl catches in biomass was in the south-west.
Figure 11.3.2 The biomass distribution of megabenthos (excluding Pandalus borealis) in the Barents Sea in August- October 2023 and 2024.
A trawl catch with biomass larger than 1 t was taken in 2024 at one station in the south-western part of the Barents Sea from 334 m depth. This haul was dominated by sponges: Geodia barretti (517 kg; 44.3 % of the total station biomass), G. macandrewii (513 kg; 44.0 %), G. phlegrae (42.5 kg; 3.6 %), Stelletta rhaphidiophora (72 kg; 6.2 %) and Stryphnus fortis (12.0 kg; 1.0 %). Other six stations with biomass more than 100 kg per trawling was recorded in nearby areas in the south-western part of the sea at depth of 271-335 m (dominated by G. barretti and G. macandrewii), in Spitsbergen Bank (46-61 m) and dominated by sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa, making up to 91 % of the total biomass at this station, and the sea-squirts Rhizomolgula globularis, making up to 57 %), and in the north-eastern part of the sea (248 m and 98.9 kg of sponges Thenea valdiviae making up to 86 % of the total biomass on the station).
More than half of the total megabenthic biomass in the Barents Sea taken by trawls (59.5 % of the total biomass of by-catches) belonged to the sponges of Geodia genera (G. barretti, G. macandrewii, G. atlandica and G. phlegraei) and the associated sponges S. rhaphidiophora and S. fortis. Other top-dominant species in biomass was sea cucumbers C. frondosa (4.7 % of the total biomass), Parastichopus tremulus (1.0 %), and holoturians of genera Molpadia (1.5 %), crabs Paralithodes camtschaticus (4.6 % of the total biomass) and Chionoecetes opilio (1.8 %), sponges T. valdiviae (2.6 %), sea star Ctenodiscus crispatus (2.0 %), basket stars of Gorgonocephalus genera (1.6 %), shrimps Sabinea septemcarinata (1.4 %), and sea urchin of the genera Strongylocentrotus (1.3 %). The contribution of each of the other species did not exceed 1 % of the total biomass of megabenthos bycatches and in sum add up 18 % of it.
Text by R. Klepikovsky, M. Biuw, F. Boehm
Figures by F. Boehm
Marine mammal observers participated onboard all Norwegian and Russian RVs of BESS 2024. Total search effort added up to 5342 km for Norwegian and 5120 km for Russian vessels. In total, 636 observations including 1786 individuals of 11 marine mammal species were obtained, with 209 individuals not identified to species level. The observed number of marine mammals by species is given in tab. 12.1.1. Locations of toothed and baleen whale species are shown in figs. 12.1.1, 12.1.2.
Table 12.1.1. Number of marine mammal observations and individuals recorded during BESS 2024.
Species
Number of Observations
Number of Individuals
Average Group Size
Minke whale
115
116
1.0
Fin whale
46
52
1.1
Humpback whale
139
258
1.9
Blue whale
2
2
1.0
White-beaked dolphin
226
1067
4.7
Harbour porpoise
13
38
2.9
Killer whale
3
26
8.7
Sperm whale
3
3
1.0
Beluga whale
1
12
12.0
Hooded Seal
1
1
1.0
Walrus
2
2
1.0
Unidentified whale
64
153
2.4
Unconfirmed whale
3
3
1.0
Unidentified dolphin
17
51
3.0
Unidentified seal
1
2
2.0
Total
636
1786
As in previous years, the most frequently observed and widely distributed species was the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) with higher sighting frequency north of 74°N.
Compared to 2023, the number of white-beaked dolphins recorded was 40% lower, and the size of the groups recorded was also smaller (maximum 20 individuals). Consistent with previous years, other dominant species observed during the survey included the baleen whales minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), and fin (Balaenoptera physalus) whale. This year, the number of minke whale sightings was 36% lower than in 2023. Minke whales were mainly observed east of Svalbard, in areas commonly associated with high capelin and krill biomass. In contrast to 2023, minke whales were not recorded in the Pechora Sea this year.
Humpback whales were observed mostly in areas east of Svalbard, where they overlap with the traditional capelin aggregations, often together with fin and minke whales. The number of humpback whales observed this year was 55% higher than in 2023.
As in 2023, fin whales were widely distributed in the western survey areas. As for minke and humpback whales, fin whales were most frequently observed in the waters east of Svalbard. Similar to minke whales, the number of fin whales recorded this year was 55% lower than in 2023.
Two blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) were observed in the waters adjacent to Svalbard/Spitsbergen.
Figure 12.1.1. Distribution of toothed whales in BESS 2024.
Figure 12.1.2. Distribution of baleen whales in BESS 2024.
The lower number of observations of some common species (white-beaked dolphin, minke, and fin whales) during the BESS 2024 period may be linked to a decrease in the biomass of capelin in the research area. However, challenging sighting conditions and overall less effort compared to 2023 may also have played a role in some areas.
Besides white-beaked dolphins, other toothed whales recorded included sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), killer whale (Orcinus orca), and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Sperm whales were mainly observed in the western areas (west of 24°E and south of 75°N). Harbour porpoises were only found in areas south of 75°N and east of 33°E, in association with herring aggregations. Killer whales were recorded in waters near the coast of Norway and northeast of Spitsbergen.
In addition, one group of beluga whales (12 individuals) was recorded near Barents Island.
Observations of pinniped species included hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). These species were encountered near White Island (only walrus) and Barents Island.
12.2 Seabirds
Text by P. Fauchald, R. Klepikovskiy
Figures by P. Fauchald
Seabird observations were carried out by standardized strip transect methodology. Birds were counted from the vessel’s bridge while the ship was steaming at a constant speed of made only during daylight and when visibility allowed a complete overview of the transect. On "G.O. Sars" and "Kronprins Haakon", birds following the ship i.e. “ship-followers”, were counted as point observations within the sector every ten minutes. Ship-followers included the most common gull species and northern fulmar. On "Vilnius", ship-followers were counted continuously along the transects, and by a point observation at the start of each transect. The ship-followers are attracted to the ship from surrounding areas and individual birds are likely to be counted several times. The numbers of ship-followers are therefore probably grossly over-estimated.
The Norwegian sector was covered by "G.O. Sars" and "Kronprins Haakon" in the period 19. August to 12. October. The Russian sector was covered by "Vilnyus" in the period from 14 August to 4 October. No seabird observers were present on Johan Hjort and on the second leg of "GO Sars" and data is therefore lacking for a portion of the Norwegian sector. Total transect length covered by "GO Sars" and "Kronprins Haakon" was 2164 km. Total transect length covered by "Vilnyus" was 5237 km. A total of 34.328 birds belonging to 39 different species were counted. The distribution of the dominant auk species is shown in fig 1 and the distribution of the most common gull species and Northern fulmar is shown in fig. 12.2.2).
Broadly, the distribution of the different species (figs. 12.2.1, 12.2.2) was similar to the distribution in previous years. For the auks (fig 12.2.1), little auks (Alle alle) were found northeast of Svalbard/Spitsbergen. High densities of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) were found in the northern part of the Barents Sea with the highest densities east of Svalbard/Spitsbergen. Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) and common guillemots (Uria aalge) were found in the southern Barents Sea. Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) were encountered throughout the Barents Sea but with highest density of kittiwakes in the central and northern parts (fig. 12.2.2). For the large gull species, herring gull (Larus argentatus), glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) were found in the southern part of the study area.
Figure 12.2.1 Density of auk species along seabird transects in 2024. White-filled circles are zero density.
Figure 12.2.2 Density of the most common gull species and Northern fulmar along seabird transects in 2024. White-filled circles are zero density. Note that because these species are attracted to and tend to follow the ship, the density is systematically over-estimated.